Updated Contents

Author: AcharyaAkshaya

src/lab/exp10/content.html

@@ -68,25 +68,26 @@
 
 				<p style="text-indent:50px;">Brinell hardness test is most commonly used to test materials that have a structure that is too rough or too coarse to be tested using other test methods, e.g., castings and forgings. In brinell testing machine the load is applied by a lever mounted on knife edges and carrying a hanger for suspending the required load. The supporting table for spacing the specimen can be raised or lowered by a steel screw by operating a large hand wheel. When testing, the load is applied and removed by hydraulic power controlled by a hand lever. The indenter used is a hardened steel ball which will have a diameter of 10mm, 5mm or 2.5mm. The reading microscopic has a 25-fold magnification.The gap between successive graduations of the scale is 0.5mm and a micrometer is arranged sideways, the eye piece of the reading microscope may be turned up by 90 degree so that the impressions of the ball can be measured in two perpendicular directions.</p></br>
 
-				<center><img  src= "../images/Picture_1br.png" style="width:428px;height:431px ; position:relative; bottom: -15px"> </center></br>
+				<center><img  src= "../images/Brinell/images/theory.png" style="width:471px; height:373px ; position:relative; bottom: -15px"> </center></br>
+				
+				<!-- <center><img  src= "../images/Picture_1br.png" style="width:428px;height:431px ; position:relative; bottom: -15px"> </center></br> -->
 
 				<p style="text-indent:50px;">Brinell testing often use a test load of 500Kg for relatively soft materials such as copper, aluminium alloys and 3000kgf for harder material and a 10mm wide indenter so that the resulting indentation averages out of most surface and sub-surface inconsistencies. After the load is applied for a specific time (usually 10 to 15 sec for hard ferrous materials and about 30 sec for soft nonferrous materials) the recovered indentation diameter is measured in millimetre. This time period is required to ensure that plastic flow of the work metal has ceased.</p></br>
-				<p style="text-indent:50px;">A well structured Brinell hardness number reveals the test conditions, i.e., "70 HB 10/500/30" which means that a Brinell Hardness of 70 was obtained using a 10mm diameter hardened steel ball with a 500 kilogram load applied for a period of 30 seconds. Highly hardened steel cannot be tested by a hardened steel ball because the ball will get flattened and become permanently deformed. The appreciable error in BHN occurs at indentation diameter less than 2.9mm and for softer materials inaccuracy is at diameter greater than 6mm. On tests of extremely hard metals a tungsten carbide ball is substituted for the steel ball (upto 444-627 HB) and a special hardened and burnished steel ball called
-				the “Hulked” ball may be used up to 500 HB.</p></br>
+				<p style="text-indent:50px;">A well structured Brinell hardness number reveals the test conditions, i.e., "70 HB 10/500/30" which means that a Brinell Hardness of 70 was obtained using a 10mm diameter hardened steel ball with a 500 kilogram load applied for a period of 30 seconds. Highly hardened steel cannot be tested by a hardened steel ball because the ball will get flattened and become permanently deformed. The appreciable error in BHN occurs at indentation diameter less than 2.9mm and for softer materials inaccuracy is at diameter greater than 6mm. On tests of extremely hard metals a tungsten carbide ball is substituted for the steel ball (upto 444-627 HB) and a special hardened and burnished steel ball called the "Hulked" ball may be used up to 500 HB.</p></br>
 
 				<center><img  src= "../images/Picture_2br.png" style="width:310px;height:249px ; position:relative; bottom: -15px"> </center></br></br>
 
 				<center>(showing the manner in which the application of force by the indenter causes the metal of work piece to flow)</center></br>
 				<p style="text-indent:50px;">Compared to the other hardness test methods, the indenter used in  brinell makes the deepest and widest indentation, so that test averages the hardness over a wider amount of materials which will accounts for multiple grain structures and any irregularities in the uniformity of the material.</p></br>
 				<p style="text-indent:50px;">The Brinell hardness number is defined as the ratio of test load to the surface area of indentation.</p></br>
-				<center><img  src= "../images/Picture_3br.png" style="width:200px;height:46px ; position:relative; bottom: -15px"> </center><br></br>
+				<center><img  src= "../images/Picture_3br.png" style="width:333px; height:73px ; position:relative; bottom: -15px"> </center><br></br>
 
 				<p style="text-indent:50px;">Where,</p>             
 				<p style="text-indent:50px;">P = Load in Kg</p>
 				<p style="text-indent:50px;">HBW = Brinell hardness number (Kg/mm<sup>2</sup>) </p>
 				<p style="text-indent:50px;">D = Diameter of the ball (mm)     </p> 
 				<p style="text-indent:50px;">d = Diameter of the indentation (mm)</p></br>
-				<center><img  src= "../images/Picture_4br.png" style="width:200px;height:45px ; position:relative; bottom: -15px"> </center></br>
+				<center><img  src= "../images/Picture_4br.png" style="width:381px; height:67px; position:relative; bottom: -15px"> </center></br>
 
 				<p style="text-indent:50px;">Where,</p>
 				<p style="text-indent:50px;">Constant = 0.102 = 1/(g ) = 1/9.81</p>
@@ -102,7 +103,7 @@
 				<b>POSSIBLE INDENTATION PATTERNS:</b></p></br>        
 
 				<p style="text-indent:50px;">Brinell number is based on the surface area of the indentation. In the brinell test the indentation may exhibit different surface characteristics, which have been carefully studied and analysed. When a indenter is pressed on to the surface of the specimen under compressive load there will be a large number of deformations under the indenter. The deformed material flow out in all directions.Surface surrounding the impression bulges out slightly to account for volume of material displaced under the indenter. In case of ridging type impression the diameter of the indentation will be more than the actual value and whereas, in case of sinking type impression the diameter of the indentation will be less than the actual value.</p></br>
-				<center><img  src= "../images/Picture_6br.png" style="width:300px;height:200px ; position:relative; bottom: -15px"> </center></br>
+				<center><img  src= "../images/Picture_6br.png" style="width:612px; height:237px ; position:relative; bottom: -15px"> </center></br>
 
 				<b>RELEVANT INDIAN STANDARD FOR BRINELL TEST:</b></br></br>
 

src/lab/exp11/content.html

@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@
 			<b>TEST PIECE:</b>
 			<p style="text-indent:50px;">Round, square, rectangular or polygonal sections are used in this test. Any areas of the material affected by shearing or flame cutting and similar operations during the cutting of the test piece shall be removed. The edges of rectangular test pieces shall be rounded to a radius not exceeding one-tenth of the thickness of test pieces. During bending the unmachined side of the test piece shall be at the tension side. </p></br>
 			<b>The variation of modulus of rupture with position of application of load:</b></br>
-			<center><img  src= "../images/Ben_R_14.png" style="width:575px;height:40s7px ; position:relative; bottom: -15px"> </center></br>
+			<center><img  src= "../images/BendingMS/images/Ben_R_14.png" style="width:495px;height:369px ; position:relative; bottom: -15px"> </center></br>
 
 
 

src/lab/exp20/content.html

@@ -64,27 +64,28 @@
 			<div class="divContent" id="wrap">
 
 
-			<p style="text-indent:50px;">Hardness represents the resistance of material surface to abrasion, scratching and cutting, hardness after gives clear indication of strength. In all hardness tests, a define force is mechanically applied on the piece, varies in size and shape for different tests. Common indenters are made of hardened steel or diamond. Rockwell hardness tester presents direct reading of hardness number on a dial provided with the machine. Principally this testing is similar to brinell hardness testing. It differs only in diameter and material of the indenter and the applied force. Although there are many scales having different combinations of load and size of indenter but commonly ‘C’ scale is used and hardness is presented as HRC. Here the indenter has a diamond cone at the tip and applied force is of 150 kgf. Soft materials are often tested in ‘B’ scale with a 1.6mm dia. Steel indenter at 60kgf. </p></br>
+			<p style="text-indent:50px;">Hardness represents the resistance of material surface to abrasion, scratching and cutting, hardness after gives clear indication of strength. In all hardness tests, a define force is mechanically applied on the piece, varies in size and shape for different tests. Common indenters are made of hardened steel or diamond. Rockwell hardness tester presents direct reading of hardness number on a dial provided with the machine. Principally this testing is similar to brinell hardness testing. It differs only in diameter and material of the indenter and the applied force. Although there are many scales having different combinations of load and size of indenter but commonly 'C' scale is used and hardness is presented as HRC. Here the indenter has a diamond cone at the tip and applied force is of 150 kgf. Soft materials are often tested in 'B' scale with a 1.6mm dia. Steel indenter at 60kgf. </p></br>
 
 			<p><strong>Types of Rockwell Test:</strong></p>
 			<ol>
-			<li><b>Rockwell Test:</b>In this minor load of 10kgf and major loads of 60,100,150kgf is applied.</li>
-			<li><b>Superficial Rockwell Test:</b>In this minor load of 3kgf and major loads of 15, 30,45kgf is applied.</li>
+			<li><b>Rockwell Test:</b> In this minor load of 10kgf and major loads of 60, 100, 150kgf is applied.</li>
+			<li><b>Superficial Rockwell Test:</b> In this minor load of 3kgf and major loads of 15, 30, 45kgf is applied.</li>
 			</ol></br>
 			<p><strong>Specification of Hardness Testing M/C and Indenters:</strong></p>
-			<p style="text-indent:50px;">Rockwell hardness testing machine essentially consist of a supporting table for placing the specimen, a hand wheel to raise or lower the supporting table, a Rockwell ball indenter which is a hardened steel ball 1/6” in diameter, a Rockwell cone indenter which is a diamond cone of 120&deg;.<br/>
+			<p style="text-indent:50px;">Rockwell hardness testing machine essentially consist of a supporting table for placing the specimen, a hand wheel to raise or lower the supporting table, a Rockwell ball indenter which is a hardened steel ball 1/6'' in diameter, a Rockwell cone indenter which is a diamond cone of 120&deg;.<br/>
 			Apex angle: load stages adjustable by means of push button switches, a light signal to indicate the application of minor load of 10kg, a clamping sleeve to hold the specimen firmly, a button for applying the major load, hand lever to release the load and a dial gauge which directly gives the Rockwell hardness number. The dial gauge has two set of graduation B and C, corresponding to the ball type indenter and the cone type indenter.
 			</p></br>
-			<center><img  src= "../images/rock1.png" style="width:255px;height:384px ; position:relative; bottom: -15px"></center></br>
+			<center><img  src= "../images/Rockwell/Images/theory.png" style="width:272px; height:418px ; position:relative; bottom: -15px"></center></br>
+			<!-- <center><img  src= "../images/rock1.png" style="width:255px;height:384px ; position:relative; bottom: -15px"></center></br> -->
 
 
 			<p style="text-indent:50px;">The hardness test can also be conducted on Brinell testing m/c, Rockwell hardness m/c or Vickers testing m/c the specimen may be a cylinder, cube, thick or thin metallic sheets.</p></br>
 			<center><img  src= "../images/rock2.png" style="width:573px;height:219px ; position:relative; bottom: -15px"></center></br>
 
-			<p style="text-indent:50px;">The Rockwell hardness test is a indentation hardness test in which a diamond cone having an included angle of 120o and radius of curvature at the tip of 0.2mm, or a hardened steel or hard metal ball having a diameter of 1.5875mm for B, F, G and all ‘T’ scales or 3.175 mm for E, H and K scales are used.The indenter is forced into the surface of a test piece in two steps, initially a minor load of 10kg is applied to a penetrator causing an indentation d1 in the test specimen, application of minor load eliminates backlash in load terrain and causes indenter to break through surface roughness,  contributing to accuracy in test. With minor load still operating major load is added according to above table. The application of major load increases the depth of penetration. Some material show considerable time-dependent plasticity, the duration of application of major load shall be neither less than 10s nor greater than 15s. Then the major load is removed with the minor load is still acting. This operation results in the partial recovery in the depth of indentation. </p></br>
+			<p style="text-indent:50px;">The Rockwell hardness test is a indentation hardness test in which a diamond cone having an included angle of 120o and radius of curvature at the tip of 0.2mm, or a hardened steel or hard metal ball having a diameter of 1.5875mm for B, F, G and all 'T' scales or 3.175 mm for E, H and K scales are used.The indenter is forced into the surface of a test piece in two steps, initially a minor load of 10kg is applied to a penetrator causing an indentation d1 in the test specimen, application of minor load eliminates backlash in load terrain and causes indenter to break through surface roughness,  contributing to accuracy in test. With minor load still operating major load is added according to above table. The application of major load increases the depth of penetration. Some material show considerable time-dependent plasticity, the duration of application of major load shall be neither less than 10s nor greater than 15s. Then the major load is removed with the minor load is still acting. This operation results in the partial recovery in the depth of indentation. </p></br>
 			<center><img  src= "../images/rock3.png" style="width:549px;height:298px ; position:relative; bottom: -15px"></center></br>
 
-			<p style="text-indent:50px;">If d2 is the depth of indentation under this condition then the permanent increase of depth of indentation due to the application of major load is d2-d1.
+			<p style="text-indent:50px;">If d<sub>2</sub> is the depth of indentation under this condition then the permanent increase of depth of indentation due to the application of major load is d<sub>2</sub>-d<sub>1</sub>.
 			</p></br>
 			<p style="text-indent:50px;">Rockwell hardness for diamond indenter </p>
 			<center><img  src= "../images/rock4.png" style="width:451px;height:45px ; position:relative; bottom: -15px"></center></br>
@@ -99,7 +100,7 @@
 			</br>
 
 			<b>Test Specimen: </b></br>
-			<p style="text-indent:50px;">The selected specimen shall have a thickness greater than 10 times the depth of indentation to avoid the deformation to be extended to the opposite surface of a specimen. After the test, no deformation shall be visible on the surface of the test piece opposite to the indentation. The surface of the test specimen shall be smooth and even, free from oxide scale, foreign matter and, in particular completely free from lubricants. For tests on convex cylindrical surfaces and spherical surfaces, the corrections should be added according to IS 1586: 2012.Flat pieces should be tested on a flat anvil that has a smooth flat bearing surface whose plane is perpendicular to the axis of the penetrator. For pieces that are not perfectly flat, a flat anvil having an elevated ‘spot’ about 4 to 6 mm in diameter is used.</p></br>
+			<p style="text-indent:50px;">The selected specimen shall have a thickness greater than 10 times the depth of indentation to avoid the deformation to be extended to the opposite surface of a specimen. After the test, no deformation shall be visible on the surface of the test piece opposite to the indentation. The surface of the test specimen shall be smooth and even, free from oxide scale, foreign matter and, in particular completely free from lubricants. For tests on convex cylindrical surfaces and spherical surfaces, the corrections should be added according to IS 1586: 2012.Flat pieces should be tested on a flat anvil that has a smooth flat bearing surface whose plane is perpendicular to the axis of the penetrator. For pieces that are not perfectly flat, a flat anvil having an elevated 'spot' about 4 to 6 mm in diameter is used.</p></br>
 			<center><img  src= "../images/rock6.png" style="width:435px;height:162px ; position:relative; bottom: -15px"></center></br>
             <center><p><b>Commonly used types of anvils</b></p></center><br/>
 			<b>Testing hardness of different types of work pieces:</b></br>
@@ -108,9 +109,9 @@
 			<b>Relevant Indian Standard for Rockwell Test:</b></br>
 			<ol type="1">
 
-				<li>IS 1586 (Part 1): 2012, Metallic materials — Rockwell hardness test: Part 1 Test method (scales A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K, N, T), Fourth revision, 2012.</br></br>
+				<li>IS 1586 (Part 1): 2012, Metallic materials - Rockwell hardness test: Part 1 Test method (scales A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K, N, T), Fourth revision, 2012.</br></br>
 				</li>
-				<li>IS 1586- (Part 2):2012 Metallic Materials - Rockwell Hardness Test, Part 2: Verification and Calibration of Testing Machines ( Scales A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H, K, N,T) , Fourth revision,2012.</br></br>
+				<li>IS 1586- (Part 2):2012 Metallic Materials - Rockwell Hardness Test, Part 2: Verification and Calibration of Testing Machines (scales A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H, K, N,T), Fourth revision,2012.</br></br>
 				</li>
 			</ol>
 			</br></br>