Original_Encryted.txt

WIDLRCVST GSV RTVA GT WIYCSIU TETCVDT QIS G PNAV MGSNVCE IQ NYARTCSNGU GYA WIYTRDVS AVMNWVT. CBNT NYWURAVT TNDLUV TLVWNGU LRSLITV AVMNWVT UNKV DNWSIPGMV IMVYT GYA SVDICV WIYCSIUT, QGWCISE AVMNWVT TRWB GT NYARTCSNGU SIFICT GYA WIDLRCVS-GNAVA AVTNXY, GYA GUTI XVYVSGU LRSLITV AVMNWVT UNKV LVSTIYGU WIDLRCVST GYA DIFNUV AVMNWVT TRWB GT TDGSCLBIYVT. CBV NYCVSYVC NT SRY IY WIDLRCVST GYA NC WIYYVWCT BRYASVAT IQ DNUUNIYT IQ ICBVS WIDLRCVST GYA CBVNS RTVST.


VGSUE WIDLRCVST PVSV IYUE WIYWVNMVA GT WGUWRUGCNYX AVMNWVT. TNYWV GYWNVYC CNDVT, TNDLUV DGYRGU AVMNWVT UNKV CBV GFGWRT GNAVA LVILUV NY AINYX WGUWRUGCNIYT. VGSUE NY CBV NYARTCSNGU SVMIURCNIY, TIDV DVWBGYNWGU AVMNWVT PVSV FRNUC CI GRCIDGCV UIYX CVANIRT CGTKT, TRWB GT XRNANYX LGCCVSYT QIS UIIDT. DISV TILBNTCNWGCVA VUVWCSNWGU DGWBNYVT ANA TLVWNGUNOVA GYGUIX WGUWRUGCNIYT NY CBV VGSUE 20CB WVYCRSE. CBV QNSTC ANXNCGU VUVWCSIYNW WGUWRUGCNYX DGWBNYVT PVSV AVMVUILVA ARSNYX PISUA PGS NN. CBV QNSTC TVDNWIYARWCIS CSGYTNTCIST NY CBV UGCV 1940T PVSV QIUUIPVA FE CBV TNUNWIY-FGTVA DITQVC (DIT CSGYTNTCIS) GYA DIYIUNCBNW NYCVXSGCVA WNSWRNC (NW) WBNL CVWBYIUIXNVT NY CBV UGCV 1950T, UVGANYX CI CBV DNWSILSIWVTTIS GYA CBV DNWSIWIDLRCVS SVMIURCNIY NY CBV 1970T. CBV TLVVA, LIPVS GYA MVSTGCNUNCE IQ WIDLRCVST BGMV FVVY NYWSVGTNYX ASGDGCNWGUUE VMVS TNYWV CBVY, PNCB DIT CSGYTNTCIS WIRYCT NYWSVGTNYX GC G SGLNA LGWV (GT LSVANWCVA FE DIISV'T UGP), UVGANYX CI CBV ANXNCGU SVMIURCNIY ARSNYX CBV UGCV 20CB CI VGSUE 21TC WVYCRSNVT.


WIYMVYCNIYGUUE, G DIAVSY WIDLRCVS WIYTNTCT IQ GC UVGTC IYV LSIWVTTNYX VUVDVYC, CELNWGUUE G WVYCSGU LSIWVTTNYX RYNC (WLR) NY CBV QISD IQ G DVCGU-IHNAV-TVDNWIYARWCIS (DIT) DNWSILSIWVTTIS, GUIYX PNCB TIDV CELV IQ WIDLRCVS DVDISE, CELNWGUUE DIT TVDNWIYARWCIS DVDISE WBNLT. CBV LSIWVTTNYX VUVDVYC WGSSNVT IRC GSNCBDVCNW GYA UIXNWGU ILVSGCNIYT, GYA G TVJRVYWNYX GYA WIYCSIU RYNC WGY WBGYXV CBV ISAVS IQ ILVSGCNIYT NY SVTLIYTV CI TCISVA NYQISDGCNIY. LVSNLBVSGU AVMNWVT NYWURAV NYLRC AVMNWVT (KVEFIGSAT, DNWV, ZIETCNWK, VCW.), IRCLRC AVMNWVT (DIYNCIS TWSVVYT, LSNYCVST, VCW.), GYA NYLRC/IRCLRC AVMNWVT CBGC LVSQISD FICB QRYWCNIYT (V.X., CBV 2000T-VSG CIRWBTWSVVY). LVSNLBVSGU AVMNWVT GUUIP NYQISDGCNIY CI FV SVCSNVMVA QSID GY VHCVSYGU TIRSWV GYA CBVE VYGFUV CBV SVTRUC IQ ILVSGCNIYT CI FV TGMVA GYA SVCSNVMVA.


GWWISANYX CI CBV IHQISA VYXUNTB ANWCNIYGSE, CBV QNSTC KYIPY RTV IQ CBV PISA "WIDLRCVS" PGT NY 1613 NY G FIIK WGUUVA CBV EIYX DGYT XUVGYNYXT FE VYXUNTB PSNCVS SNWBGSA FSGNCBPGNC: "N BGRV [TNW] SVGA CBV CSRVTC WIDLRCVS IQ CNDVT, GYA CBV FVTC GSNCBDVCNWNGY CBGC VRVS [TNW] FSVGCBVA, GYA BV SVARWVCB CBE AGEVT NYCI G TBISC YRDFVS." CBNT RTGXV IQ CBV CVSD SVQVSSVA CI G BRDGY WIDLRCVS, G LVSTIY PBI WGSSNVA IRC WGUWRUGCNIYT IS WIDLRCGCNIYT. CBV PISA WIYCNYRVA PNCB CBV TGDV DVGYNYX RYCNU CBV DNAAUV IQ CBV 20CB WVYCRSE. ARSNYX CBV UGCCVS LGSC IQ CBNT LVSNIA PIDVY PVSV IQCVY BNSVA GT WIDLRCVST FVWGRTV CBVE WIRUA FV LGNA UVTT CBGY CBVNS DGUV WIRYCVSLGSCT.[1] FE 1943, DITC BRDGY WIDLRCVST PVSV PIDVY.[2]


CBV IYUNYV VCEDIUIXE ANWCNIYGSE XNMVT CBV QNSTC GCCVTCVA RTV IQ "WIDLRCVS" NY CBV 1640T, DVGYNYX "IYV PBI WGUWRUGCVT"; CBNT NT GY "GXVYC YIRY QSID WIDLRCV (M.)". CBV IYUNYV VCEDIUIXE ANWCNIYGSE TCGCVT CBGC CBV RTV IQ CBV CVSD CI DVGY "'WGUWRUGCNYX DGWBNYV' (IQ GYE CELV) NT QSID 1897." CBV IYUNYV VCEDIUIXE ANWCNIYGSE NYANWGCVT CBGC CBV "DIAVSY RTV" IQ CBV CVSD, CI DVGY "LSIXSGDDGFUV ANXNCGU VUVWCSIYNW WIDLRCVS" AGCVT QSID "1945 RYAVS CBNT YGDV; [NY G] CBVISVCNWGU [TVYTV] QSID 1937, GT CRSNYX DGWBNYV".[3]


CBV WBNYVTV TRGYLGY. CBV YRDFVS SVLSVTVYCVA IY CBNT GFGWRT NT 6,302,715,408.
CBV GFGWRT PGT NYNCNGUUE RTVA QIS GSNCBDVCNW CGTKT. CBV SIDGY GFGWRT PGT AVMVUILVA QSID AVMNWVT RTVA NY FGFEUIYNG GT VGSUE GT 2400 FW. TNYWV CBVY, DGYE ICBVS QISDT IQ SVWKIYNYX FIGSAT IS CGFUVT BGMV FVVY NYMVYCVA. NY G DVANVMGU VRSILVGY WIRYCNYX BIRTV, G WBVWKVSVA WUICB PIRUA FV LUGWVA IY G CGFUV, GYA DGSKVST DIMVA GSIRYA IY NC GWWISANYX CI WVSCGNY SRUVT, GT GY GNA CI WGUWRUGCNYX TRDT IQ DIYVE.


CBV GYCNKECBVSG DVWBGYNTD, AGCNYX FGWK CI GYWNVYC XSVVWV WNSWG 150–100 FW, NT GY VGSUE GYGUIX WIDLRCNYX AVMNWV.
CBV GYCNKECBVSG DVWBGYNTD NT FVUNVMVA CI FV CBV VGSUNVTC DVWBGYNWGU GYGUIX "WIDLRCVS", GWWISANYX CI AVSVK Z. AV TIUUG LSNWV.[6] NC PGT AVTNXYVA CI WGUWRUGCV GTCSIYIDNWGU LITNCNIYT. NC PGT ANTWIMVSVA NY 1901 NY CBV GYCNKECBVSG PSVWK IQQ CBV XSVVK NTUGYA IQ GYCNKECBVSG, FVCPVVY KECBVSG GYA WSVCV, GYA BGT FVVY AGCVA CI W. 100 FW. AVMNWVT IQ G UVMVU IQ WIDLUVHNCE WIDLGSGFUV CI CBGC IQ CBV GYCNKECBVSG DVWBGYNTD PIRUA YIC SVGLLVGS RYCNU G CBIRTGYA EVGST UGCVS.


DGYE DVWBGYNWGU GNAT CI WGUWRUGCNIY GYA DVGTRSVDVYC PVSV WIYTCSRWCVA QIS GTCSIYIDNWGU GYA YGMNXGCNIY RTV. CBV LUGYNTLBVSV PGT G TCGS WBGSC NYMVYCVA FE GFū SGEBāY GU-FīSūYī NY CBV VGSUE 11CB WVYCRSE.[7] CBV GTCSIUGFV PGT NYMVYCVA NY CBV BVUUVYNTCNW PISUA NY VNCBVS CBV 1TC IS 2YA WVYCRSNVT FW GYA NT IQCVY GCCSNFRCVA CI BNLLGSWBRT. G WIDFNYGCNIY IQ CBV LUGYNTLBVSV GYA ANILCSG, CBV GTCSIUGFV PGT VQQVWCNMVUE GY GYGUIX WIDLRCVS WGLGFUV IQ PISKNYX IRC TVMVSGU ANQQVSVYC KNYAT IQ LSIFUVDT NY TLBVSNWGU GTCSIYIDE. GY GTCSIUGFV NYWISLISGCNYX G DVWBGYNWGU WGUVYAGS WIDLRCVS[8][9] GYA XVGS-PBVVUT PGT NYMVYCVA FE GFN FGKS IQ NTQGBGY, LVSTNG NY 1235.[10] GFū SGEBāY GU-FīSūYī NYMVYCVA CBV QNSTC DVWBGYNWGU XVGSVA URYNTIUGS WGUVYAGS GTCSIUGFV,[11] GY VGSUE QNHVA-PNSVA KYIPUVAXV LSIWVTTNYX DGWBNYV[12] PNCB G XVGS CSGNY GYA XVGS-PBVVUT,[13] W. 1000 GA.


CBV TVWCIS, G WGUWRUGCNYX NYTCSRDVYC RTVA QIS TIUMNYX LSIFUVDT NY LSILISCNIY, CSNXIYIDVCSE, DRUCNLUNWGCNIY GYA ANMNTNIY, GYA QIS MGSNIRT QRYWCNIYT, TRWB GT TJRGSVT GYA WRFV SIICT, PGT AVMVUILVA NY CBV UGCV 16CB WVYCRSE GYA QIRYA GLLUNWGCNIY NY XRYYVSE, TRSMVENYX GYA YGMNXGCNIY.


CBV LUGYNDVCVS PGT G DGYRGU NYTCSRDVYC CI WGUWRUGCV CBV GSVG IQ G WUITVA QNXRSV FE CSGWNYX IMVS NC PNCB G DVWBGYNWGU UNYKGXV.




G TUNAV SRUV.
CBV TUNAV SRUV PGT NYMVYCVA GSIRYA 1620–1630, TBISCUE GQCVS CBV LRFUNWGCNIY IQ CBV WIYWVLC IQ CBV UIXGSNCBD. NC NT G BGYA-ILVSGCVA GYGUIX WIDLRCVS QIS AINYX DRUCNLUNWGCNIY GYA ANMNTNIY. GT TUNAV SRUV AVMVUILDVYC LSIXSVTTVA, GAAVA TWGUVT LSIMNAVA SVWNLSIWGUT, TJRGSVT GYA TJRGSV SIICT, WRFVT GYA WRFV SIICT, GT PVUU GT CSGYTWVYAVYCGU QRYWCNIYT TRWB GT UIXGSNCBDT GYA VHLIYVYCNGUT, WNSWRUGS GYA BELVSFIUNW CSNXIYIDVCSE GYA ICBVS QRYWCNIYT. TUNAV SRUVT PNCB TLVWNGU TWGUVT GSV TCNUU RTVA QIS JRNWK LVSQISDGYWV IQ SIRCNYV WGUWRUGCNIYT, TRWB GT CBV V6F WNSWRUGS TUNAV SRUV RTVA QIS CNDV GYA ANTCGYWV WGUWRUGCNIYT IY UNXBC GNSWSGQC.


NY CBV 1770T, LNVSSV ZGJRVC-ASIO, G TPNTT PGCWBDGKVS, FRNUC G DVWBGYNWGU AIUU (GRCIDGCIY) CBGC WIRUA PSNCV BIUANYX G JRNUU LVY. FE TPNCWBNYX CBV YRDFVS GYA ISAVS IQ NCT NYCVSYGU PBVVUT ANQQVSVYC UVCCVST, GYA BVYWV ANQQVSVYC DVTTGXVT, WIRUA FV LSIARWVA. NY VQQVWC, NC WIRUA FV DVWBGYNWGUUE "LSIXSGDDVA" CI SVGA NYTCSRWCNIYT. GUIYX PNCB CPI ICBVS WIDLUVH DGWBNYVT, CBV AIUU NT GC CBV DRTéV A'GSC VC A'BNTCINSV IQ YVRWBâCVU, TPNCOVSUGYA, GYA TCNUU ILVSGCVT.[14]


CBV CNAV-LSVANWCNYX DGWBNYV NYMVYCVA FE TNS PNUUNGD CBIDTIY NY 1872 PGT IQ XSVGC RCNUNCE CI YGMNXGCNIY NY TBGUUIP PGCVST. NC RTVA G TETCVD IQ LRUUVET GYA PNSVT CI GRCIDGCNWGUUE WGUWRUGCV LSVANWCVA CNAV UVMVUT QIS G TVC LVSNIA GC G LGSCNWRUGS UIWGCNIY.


CBV ANQQVSVYCNGU GYGUETVS, G DVWBGYNWGU GYGUIX WIDLRCVS AVTNXYVA CI TIUMV ANQQVSVYCNGU VJRGCNIYT FE NYCVXSGCNIY, RTVA PBVVU-GYA-ANTW DVWBGYNTDT CI LVSQISD CBV NYCVXSGCNIY. NY 1876, UISA KVUMNY BGA GUSVGAE ANTWRTTVA CBV LITTNFUV WIYTCSRWCNIY IQ TRWB WGUWRUGCIST, FRC BV BGA FVVY TCEDNVA FE CBV UNDNCVA IRCLRC CISJRV IQ CBV FGUU-GYA-ANTK NYCVXSGCIST.[15] NY G ANQQVSVYCNGU GYGUEOVS, CBV IRCLRC IQ IYV NYCVXSGCIS ASIMV CBV NYLRC IQ CBV YVHC NYCVXSGCIS, IS G XSGLBNYX IRCLRC. CBV CISJRV GDLUNQNVS PGT CBV GAMGYWV CBGC GUUIPVA CBVTV DGWBNYVT CI PISK. TCGSCNYX NY CBV 1920T, MGYYVMGS FRTB GYA ICBVST AVMVUILVA DVWBGYNWGU ANQQVSVYCNGU GYGUEOVST.


QNSTC WIDLRCNYX AVMNWV


G LISCNIY IQ FGFFGXV'T ANQQVSVYWV VYXNYV.
WBGSUVT FGFFGXV, GY VYXUNTB DVWBGYNWGU VYXNYVVS GYA LIUEDGCB, ISNXNYGCVA CBV WIYWVLC IQ G LSIXSGDDGFUV WIDLRCVS. WIYTNAVSVA CBV "QGCBVS IQ CBV WIDLRCVS",[16] BV WIYWVLCRGUNOVA GYA NYMVYCVA CBV QNSTC DVWBGYNWGU WIDLRCVS NY CBV VGSUE 19CB WVYCRSE. GQCVS PISKNYX IY BNT SVMIURCNIYGSE ANQQVSVYWV VYXNYV, AVTNXYVA CI GNA NY YGMNXGCNIYGU WGUWRUGCNIYT, NY 1833 BV SVGUNOVA CBGC G DRWB DISV XVYVSGU AVTNXY, GY GYGUECNWGU VYXNYV, PGT LITTNFUV. CBV NYLRC IQ LSIXSGDT GYA AGCG PGT CI FV LSIMNAVA CI CBV DGWBNYV MNG LRYWBVA WGSAT, G DVCBIA FVNYX RTVA GC CBV CNDV CI ANSVWC DVWBGYNWGU UIIDT TRWB GT CBV ZGWJRGSA UIID. QIS IRCLRC, CBV DGWBNYV PIRUA BGMV G LSNYCVS, G WRSMV LUICCVS GYA G FVUU. CBV DGWBNYV PIRUA GUTI FV GFUV CI LRYWB YRDFVST IYCI WGSAT CI FV SVGA NY UGCVS. CBV VYXNYV NYWISLISGCVA GY GSNCBDVCNW UIXNW RYNC, WIYCSIU QUIP NY CBV QISD IQ WIYANCNIYGU FSGYWBNYX GYA UIILT, GYA NYCVXSGCVA DVDISE, DGKNYX NC CBV QNSTC AVTNXY QIS G XVYVSGU-LRSLITV WIDLRCVS CBGC WIRUA FV AVTWSNFVA NY DIAVSY CVSDT GT CRSNYX-WIDLUVCV.[17][18]


CBV DGWBNYV PGT GFIRC G WVYCRSE GBVGA IQ NCT CNDV. GUU CBV LGSCT QIS BNT DGWBNYV BGA CI FV DGAV FE BGYA – CBNT PGT G DGZIS LSIFUVD QIS G AVMNWV PNCB CBIRTGYAT IQ LGSCT. VMVYCRGUUE, CBV LSIZVWC PGT ANTTIUMVA PNCB CBV AVWNTNIY IQ CBV FSNCNTB XIMVSYDVYC CI WVGTV QRYANYX. FGFFGXV'T QGNURSV CI WIDLUVCV CBV GYGUECNWGU VYXNYV WGY FV WBNVQUE GCCSNFRCVA CI LIUNCNWGU GYA QNYGYWNGU ANQQNWRUCNVT GT PVUU GT BNT AVTNSV CI AVMVUIL GY NYWSVGTNYXUE TILBNTCNWGCVA WIDLRCVS GYA CI DIMV GBVGA QGTCVS CBGY GYEIYV VUTV WIRUA QIUUIP. YVMVSCBVUVTT, BNT TIY, BVYSE FGFFGXV, WIDLUVCVA G TNDLUNQNVA MVSTNIY IQ CBV GYGUECNWGU VYXNYV'T WIDLRCNYX RYNC (CBV DNUU) NY 1888. BV XGMV G TRWWVTTQRU AVDIYTCSGCNIY IQ NCT RTV NY WIDLRCNYX CGFUVT NY 1906.


GYGUIX WIDLRCVST
DGNY GSCNWUV: GYGUIX WIDLRCVS


TNS PNUUNGD CBIDTIY'T CBNSA CNAV-LSVANWCNYX DGWBNYV AVTNXY, 1879–81
ARSNYX CBV QNSTC BGUQ IQ CBV 20CB WVYCRSE, DGYE TWNVYCNQNW WIDLRCNYX YVVAT PVSV DVC FE NYWSVGTNYXUE TILBNTCNWGCVA GYGUIX WIDLRCVST, PBNWB RTVA G ANSVWC DVWBGYNWGU IS VUVWCSNWGU DIAVU IQ CBV LSIFUVD GT G FGTNT QIS WIDLRCGCNIY. BIPVMVS, CBVTV PVSV YIC LSIXSGDDGFUV GYA XVYVSGUUE UGWKVA CBV MVSTGCNUNCE GYA GWWRSGWE IQ DIAVSY ANXNCGU WIDLRCVST.[19] CBV QNSTC DIAVSY GYGUIX WIDLRCVS PGT G CNAV-LSVANWCNYX DGWBNYV, NYMVYCVA FE TNS PNUUNGD CBIDTIY NY 1872. CBV ANQQVSVYCNGU GYGUETVS, G DVWBGYNWGU GYGUIX WIDLRCVS AVTNXYVA CI TIUMV ANQQVSVYCNGU VJRGCNIYT FE NYCVXSGCNIY RTNYX PBVVU-GYA-ANTW DVWBGYNTDT, PGT WIYWVLCRGUNOVA NY 1876 FE ZGDVT CBIDTIY, CBV FSICBVS IQ CBV DISV QGDIRT UISA KVUMNY.[15]


CBV GSC IQ DVWBGYNWGU GYGUIX WIDLRCNYX SVGWBVA NCT OVYNCB PNCB CBV ANQQVSVYCNGU GYGUEOVS, FRNUC FE B. U. BGOVY GYA MGYYVMGS FRTB GC DNC TCGSCNYX NY 1927. CBNT FRNUC IY CBV DVWBGYNWGU NYCVXSGCIST IQ ZGDVT CBIDTIY GYA CBV CISJRV GDLUNQNVST NYMVYCVA FE B. P. YNVDGY. G AIOVY IQ CBVTV AVMNWVT PVSV FRNUC FVQISV CBVNS IFTIUVTWVYWV FVWGDV IFMNIRT. FE CBV 1950T, CBV TRWWVTT IQ ANXNCGU VUVWCSIYNW WIDLRCVST BGA TLVUUVA CBV VYA QIS DITC GYGUIX WIDLRCNYX DGWBNYVT, FRC GYGUIX WIDLRCVST SVDGNYVA NY RTV ARSNYX CBV 1950T NY TIDV TLVWNGUNOVA GLLUNWGCNIYT TRWB GT VARWGCNIY (WIYCSIU TETCVDT) GYA GNSWSGQC (TUNAV SRUV).


ANXNCGU WIDLRCVST
VUVWCSIDVWBGYNWGU
FE 1938, CBV RYNCVA TCGCVT YGME BGA AVMVUILVA GY VUVWCSIDVWBGYNWGU GYGUIX WIDLRCVS TDGUU VYIRXB CI RTV GFIGSA G TRFDGSNYV. CBNT PGT CBV CISLVAI AGCG WIDLRCVS, PBNWB RTVA CSNXIYIDVCSE CI TIUMV CBV LSIFUVD IQ QNSNYX G CISLVAI GC G DIMNYX CGSXVC. ARSNYX PISUA PGS NN TNDNUGS AVMNWVT PVSV AVMVUILVA NY ICBVS WIRYCSNVT GT PVUU.




SVLUNWG IQ ORTV'T O3, CBV QNSTC QRUUE GRCIDGCNW, ANXNCGU (VUVWCSIDVWBGYNWGU) WIDLRCVS.
VGSUE ANXNCGU WIDLRCVST PVSV VUVWCSIDVWBGYNWGU; VUVWCSNW TPNCWBVT ASIMV DVWBGYNWGU SVUGET CI LVSQISD CBV WGUWRUGCNIY. CBVTV AVMNWVT BGA G UIP ILVSGCNYX TLVVA GYA PVSV VMVYCRGUUE TRLVSTVAVA FE DRWB QGTCVS GUU-VUVWCSNW WIDLRCVST, ISNXNYGUUE RTNYX MGWRRD CRFVT. CBV O2, WSVGCVA FE XVSDGY VYXNYVVS KIYSGA ORTV NY 1939, PGT IYV IQ CBV VGSUNVTC VHGDLUVT IQ GY VUVWCSIDVWBGYNWGU SVUGE WIDLRCVS.[20]


NY 1941, ORTV QIUUIPVA BNT VGSUNVS DGWBNYV RL PNCB CBV O3, CBV PISUA'T QNSTC PISKNYX VUVWCSIDVWBGYNWGU LSIXSGDDGFUV, QRUUE GRCIDGCNW ANXNCGU WIDLRCVS.[21][22] CBV O3 PGT FRNUC PNCB 2000 SVUGET, NDLUVDVYCNYX G 22 FNC PISA UVYXCB CBGC ILVSGCVA GC G WUIWK QSVJRVYWE IQ GFIRC 5–10 BO.[23] LSIXSGD WIAV PGT TRLLUNVA IY LRYWBVA QNUD PBNUV AGCG WIRUA FV TCISVA NY 64 PISAT IQ DVDISE IS TRLLUNVA QSID CBV KVEFIGSA. NC PGT JRNCV TNDNUGS CI DIAVSY DGWBNYVT NY TIDV SVTLVWCT, LNIYVVSNYX YRDVSIRT GAMGYWVT TRWB GT QUIGCNYX LINYC YRDFVST. SGCBVS CBGY CBV BGSAVS-CI-NDLUVDVYC AVWNDGU TETCVD (RTVA NY WBGSUVT FGFFGXV'T VGSUNVS AVTNXY), RTNYX G FNYGSE TETCVD DVGYC CBGC ORTV'T DGWBNYVT PVSV VGTNVS CI FRNUA GYA LICVYCNGUUE DISV SVUNGFUV, XNMVY CBV CVWBYIUIXNVT GMGNUGFUV GC CBGC CNDV.[24] CBV O3 PGT CRSNYX WIDLUVCV.[25][26]


MGWRRD CRFVT GYA ANXNCGU VUVWCSIYNW WNSWRNCT
LRSVUE VUVWCSIYNW WNSWRNC VUVDVYCT TIIY SVLUGWVA CBVNS DVWBGYNWGU GYA VUVWCSIDVWBGYNWGU VJRNMGUVYCT, GC CBV TGDV CNDV CBGC ANXNCGU WGUWRUGCNIY SVLUGWVA GYGUIX. CBV VYXNYVVS CIDDE QUIPVST, PISKNYX GC CBV LITC IQQNWV SVTVGSWB TCGCNIY NY UIYAIY NY CBV 1930T, FVXGY CI VHLUISV CBV LITTNFUV RTV IQ VUVWCSIYNWT QIS CBV CVUVLBIYV VHWBGYXV. VHLVSNDVYCGU VJRNLDVYC CBGC BV FRNUC NY 1934 PVYC NYCI ILVSGCNIY QNMV EVGST UGCVS, WIYMVSCNYX G LISCNIY IQ CBV CVUVLBIYV VHWBGYXV YVCPISK NYCI GY VUVWCSIYNW AGCG LSIWVTTNYX TETCVD, RTNYX CBIRTGYAT IQ MGWRRD CRFVT.[19] NY CBV RT, ZIBY MNYWVYC GCGYGTIQQ GYA WUNQQISA V. FVSSE IQ NIPG TCGCV RYNMVSTNCE AVMVUILVA GYA CVTCVA CBV GCGYGTIQQ–FVSSE WIDLRCVS (GFW) NY 1942,[27] CBV QNSTC "GRCIDGCNW VUVWCSIYNW ANXNCGU WIDLRCVS".[28] CBNT AVTNXY PGT GUTI GUU-VUVWCSIYNW GYA RTVA GFIRC 300 MGWRRD CRFVT, PNCB WGLGWNCIST QNHVA NY G DVWBGYNWGUUE SICGCNYX ASRD QIS DVDISE.[29]


CPI PIDVY GSV TVVY FE CBV WIUITTRT WIDLRCVS.
WIUITTRT, CBV QNSTC VUVWCSIYNW ANXNCGU LSIXSGDDGFUV WIDLRCNYX AVMNWV, PGT RTVA CI FSVGK XVSDGY WNLBVST ARSNYX PISUA PGS NN.
ARSNYX PISUA PGS NN, CBV FSNCNTB GC FUVCWBUVE LGSK GWBNVMVA G YRDFVS IQ TRWWVTTVT GC FSVGKNYX VYWSELCVA XVSDGY DNUNCGSE WIDDRYNWGCNIYT. CBV XVSDGY VYWSELCNIY DGWBNYV, VYNXDG, PGT QNSTC GCCGWKVA PNCB CBV BVUL IQ CBV VUVWCSI-DVWBGYNWGU FIDFVT PBNWB PVSV IQCVY SRY FE PIDVY.[30][31] CI WSGWK CBV DISV TILBNTCNWGCVA XVSDGY UISVYO TO 40/42 DGWBNYV, RTVA QIS BNXB-UVMVU GSDE WIDDRYNWGCNIYT, DGH YVPDGY GYA BNT WIUUVGXRVT WIDDNTTNIYVA QUIPVST CI FRNUA CBV WIUITTRT.[29] BV TLVYC VUVMVY DIYCBT QSID VGSUE QVFSRGSE 1943 AVTNXYNYX GYA FRNUANYX CBV QNSTC WIUITTRT.[32] GQCVS G QRYWCNIYGU CVTC NY AVWVDFVS 1943, WIUITTRT PGT TBNLLVA CI FUVCWBUVE LGSK, PBVSV NC PGT AVUNMVSVA IY 18 ZGYRGSE 1944[33] GYA GCCGWKVA NCT QNSTC DVTTGXV IY 5 QVFSRGSE.[29]


WIUITTRT PGT CBV PISUA'T QNSTC VUVWCSIYNW ANXNCGU LSIXSGDDGFUV WIDLRCVS.[19] NC RTVA G UGSXV YRDFVS IQ MGUMVT (MGWRRD CRFVT). NC BGA LGLVS-CGLV NYLRC GYA PGT WGLGFUV IQ FVNYX WIYQNXRSVA CI LVSQISD G MGSNVCE IQ FIIUVGY UIXNWGU ILVSGCNIYT IY NCT AGCG, FRC NC PGT YIC CRSNYX-WIDLUVCV. YNYV DK NN WIUITTN PVSV FRNUC (CBV DK N PGT WIYMVSCVA CI G DK NN DGKNYX CVY DGWBNYVT NY CICGU). WIUITTRT DGSK N WIYCGNYVA 1,500 CBVSDNIYNW MGUMVT (CRFVT), FRC DGSK NN PNCB 2,400 MGUMVT, PGT FICB 5 CNDVT QGTCVS GYA TNDLUVS CI ILVSGCV CBGY DGSK N, XSVGCUE TLVVANYX CBV AVWIANYX LSIWVTT.




VYNGW PGT CBV QNSTC VUVWCSIYNW, CRSNYX-WIDLUVCV AVMNWV, GYA LVSQISDVA FGUUNTCNWT CSGZVWCISE WGUWRUGCNIYT QIS CBV RYNCVA TCGCVT GSDE.
CBV VYNGW[36] (VUVWCSIYNW YRDVSNWGU NYCVXSGCIS GYA WIDLRCVS) PGT CBV QNSTC VUVWCSIYNW LSIXSGDDGFUV WIDLRCVS FRNUC NY CBV R.T. GUCBIRXB CBV VYNGW PGT TNDNUGS CI CBV WIUITTRT, NC PGT DRWB QGTCVS, DISV QUVHNFUV, GYA NC PGT CRSNYX-WIDLUVCV. UNKV CBV WIUITTRT, G "LSIXSGD" IY CBV VYNGW PGT AVQNYVA FE CBV TCGCVT IQ NCT LGCWB WGFUVT GYA TPNCWBVT, G QGS WSE QSID CBV TCISVA LSIXSGD VUVWCSIYNW DGWBNYVT CBGC WGDV UGCVS. IYWV G LSIXSGD PGT PSNCCVY, NC BGA CI FV DVWBGYNWGUUE TVC NYCI CBV DGWBNYV PNCB DGYRGU SVTVCCNYX IQ LURXT GYA TPNCWBVT. CBV LSIXSGDDVST IQ CBV VYNGW PVSV TNH PIDVY, IQCVY KYIPY WIUUVWCNMVUE GT CBV "VYNGW XNSUT".[37][38]


NC WIDFNYVA CBV BNXB TLVVA IQ VUVWCSIYNWT PNCB CBV GFNUNCE CI FV LSIXSGDDVA QIS DGYE WIDLUVH LSIFUVDT. NC WIRUA GAA IS TRFCSGWC 5000 CNDVT G TVWIYA, G CBIRTGYA CNDVT QGTCVS CBGY GYE ICBVS DGWBNYV. NC GUTI BGA DIARUVT CI DRUCNLUE, ANMNAV, GYA TJRGSV SIIC. BNXB TLVVA DVDISE PGT UNDNCVA CI 20 PISAT (GFIRC 80 FECVT). FRNUC RYAVS CBV ANSVWCNIY IQ ZIBY DGRWBUE GYA Z. LSVTLVS VWKVSC GC CBV RYNMVSTNCE IQ LVYYTEUMGYNG, VYNGW'T AVMVUILDVYC GYA WIYTCSRWCNIY UGTCVA QSID 1943 CI QRUU ILVSGCNIY GC CBV VYA IQ 1945. CBV DGWBNYV PGT BRXV, PVNXBNYX 30 CIYT, RTNYX 200 KNUIPGCCT IQ VUVWCSNW LIPVS GYA WIYCGNYVA IMVS 18,000 MGWRRD CRFVT, 1,500 SVUGET, GYA BRYASVAT IQ CBIRTGYAT IQ SVTNTCIST, WGLGWNCIST, GYA NYARWCIST.[39]


DIAVSY WIDLRCVST
WIYWVLC IQ DIAVSY WIDLRCVS
CBV LSNYWNLUV IQ CBV DIAVSY WIDLRCVS PGT LSILITVA FE GUGY CRSNYX NY BNT TVDNYGU 1936 LGLVS,[40] IY WIDLRCGFUV YRDFVST. CRSNYX LSILITVA G TNDLUV AVMNWV CBGC BV WGUUVA "RYNMVSTGU WIDLRCNYX DGWBNYV" GYA CBGC NT YIP KYIPY GT G RYNMVSTGU CRSNYX DGWBNYV. BV LSIMVA CBGC TRWB G DGWBNYV NT WGLGFUV IQ WIDLRCNYX GYECBNYX CBGC NT WIDLRCGFUV FE VHVWRCNYX NYTCSRWCNIYT (LSIXSGD) TCISVA IY CGLV, GUUIPNYX CBV DGWBNYV CI FV LSIXSGDDGFUV. CBV QRYAGDVYCGU WIYWVLC IQ CRSNYX'T AVTNXY NT CBV TCISVA LSIXSGD, PBVSV GUU CBV NYTCSRWCNIYT QIS WIDLRCNYX GSV TCISVA NY DVDISE. MIY YVRDGYY GWKYIPUVAXVA CBGC CBV WVYCSGU WIYWVLC IQ CBV DIAVSY WIDLRCVS PGT ARV CI CBNT LGLVS.[41] CRSNYX DGWBNYVT GSV CI CBNT AGE G WVYCSGU IFZVWC IQ TCRAE NY CBVISE IQ WIDLRCGCNIY. VHWVLC QIS CBV UNDNCGCNIYT NDLITVA FE CBVNS QNYNCV DVDISE TCISVT, DIAVSY WIDLRCVST GSV TGNA CI FV CRSNYX-WIDLUVCV, PBNWB NT CI TGE, CBVE BGMV GUXISNCBD VHVWRCNIY WGLGFNUNCE VJRNMGUVYC CI G RYNMVSTGU CRSNYX DGWBNYV.


TCISVA LSIXSGDT
DGNY GSCNWUV: TCISVA-LSIXSGD WIDLRCVS
CBSVV CGUU SGWKT WIYCGNYNYX VUVWCSIYNW WNSWRNC FIGSAT
G TVWCNIY IQ CBV DGYWBVTCVS FGFE, CBV QNSTC VUVWCSIYNW TCISVA-LSIXSGD WIDLRCVS.
VGSUE WIDLRCNYX DGWBNYVT BGA QNHVA LSIXSGDT. WBGYXNYX NCT QRYWCNIY SVJRNSVA CBV SVPNSNYX GYA SVTCSRWCRSNYX IQ CBV DGWBNYV.[29] PNCB CBV LSILITGU IQ CBV TCISVA-LSIXSGD WIDLRCVS CBNT WBGYXVA. G TCISVA-LSIXSGD WIDLRCVS NYWURAVT FE AVTNXY GY NYTCSRWCNIY TVC GYA WGY TCISV NY DVDISE G TVC IQ NYTCSRWCNIYT (G LSIXSGD) CBGC AVCGNUT CBV WIDLRCGCNIY. CBV CBVISVCNWGU FGTNT QIS CBV TCISVA-LSIXSGD WIDLRCVS PGT UGNA FE GUGY CRSNYX NY BNT 1936 LGLVS. NY 1945, CRSNYX ZINYVA CBV YGCNIYGU LBETNWGU UGFISGCISE GYA FVXGY PISK IY AVMVUILNYX GY VUVWCSIYNW TCISVA-LSIXSGD ANXNCGU WIDLRCVS. BNT 1945 SVLISC "LSILITVA VUVWCSIYNW WGUWRUGCIS" PGT CBV QNSTC TLVWNQNWGCNIY QIS TRWB G AVMNWV. ZIBY MIY YVRDGYY GC CBV RYNMVSTNCE IQ LVYYTEUMGYNG GUTI WNSWRUGCVA BNT QNSTC ASGQC IQ G SVLISC IY CBV VAMGW NY 1945.[19]


CBV DGYWBVTCVS FGFE PGT CBV PISUA'T QNSTC TCISVA-LSIXSGD WIDLRCVS. NC PGT FRNUC GC CBV MNWCISNG RYNMVSTNCE IQ DGYWBVTCVS FE QSVAVSNW W. PNUUNGDT, CID KNUFRSY GYA XVIQQ CIICNUU, GYA SGY NCT QNSTC LSIXSGD IY 21 ZRYV 1948.[42] NC PGT AVTNXYVA GT G CVTCFVA QIS CBV PNUUNGDT CRFV, CBV QNSTC SGYAID-GWWVTT ANXNCGU TCISGXV AVMNWV.[43] GUCBIRXB CBV WIDLRCVS PGT WIYTNAVSVA "TDGUU GYA LSNDNCNMV" FE CBV TCGYAGSAT IQ NCT CNDV, NC PGT CBV QNSTC PISKNYX DGWBNYV CI WIYCGNY GUU IQ CBV VUVDVYCT VTTVYCNGU CI G DIAVSY VUVWCSIYNW WIDLRCVS.[44] GT TIIY GT CBV FGFE BGA AVDIYTCSGCVA CBV QVGTNFNUNCE IQ NCT AVTNXY, G LSIZVWC PGT NYNCNGCVA GC CBV RYNMVSTNCE CI AVMVUIL NC NYCI G DISV RTGFUV WIDLRCVS, CBV DGYWBVTCVS DGSK 1. XSGWV BILLVS PGT CBV QNSTC LVSTIY CI AVMVUIL G WIDLNUVS QIS LSIXSGDDNYX UGYXRGXV.[2]


CBV DGSK 1 NY CRSY JRNWKUE FVWGDV CBV LSICICELV QIS CBV QVSSGYCN DGSK 1, CBV PISUA'T QNSTC WIDDVSWNGUUE GMGNUGFUV XVYVSGU-LRSLITV WIDLRCVS.[45] FRNUC FE QVSSGYCN, NC PGT AVUNMVSVA CI CBV RYNMVSTNCE IQ DGYWBVTCVS NY QVFSRGSE 1951. GC UVGTC TVMVY IQ CBVTV UGCVS DGWBNYVT PVSV AVUNMVSVA FVCPVVY 1953 GYA 1957, IYV IQ CBVD CI TBVUU UGFT NY GDTCVSAGD.[46] NY IWCIFVS 1947, CBV ANSVWCIST IQ FSNCNTB WGCVSNYX WIDLGYE Z. UEIYT & WIDLGYE AVWNAVA CI CGKV GY GWCNMV SIUV NY LSIDICNYX CBV WIDDVSWNGU AVMVUILDVYC IQ WIDLRCVST. CBV UVI N WIDLRCVS FVWGDV ILVSGCNIYGU NY GLSNU 1951[47] GYA SGY CBV PISUA'T QNSTC SVXRUGS SIRCNYV IQQNWV WIDLRCVS ZIF.


CSGYTNTCIST
DGNY GSCNWUVT: CSGYTNTCIS GYA BNTCISE IQ CBV CSGYTNTCIS
QRSCBVS NYQISDGCNIY: CSGYTNTCIS WIDLRCVS GYA DITQVC


FNLIUGS ZRYWCNIY CSGYTNTCIS (FZC).
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


GC CBV RYNMVSTNCE IQ DGYWBVTCVS, G CVGD RYAVS CBV UVGAVSTBNL IQ CID KNUFRSY AVTNXYVA GYA FRNUC G DGWBNYV RTNYX CBV YVPUE AVMVUILVA CSGYTNTCIST NYTCVGA IQ MGUMVT.[51] CBVNS QNSTC CSGYTNTCISNTVA WIDLRCVS GYA CBV QNSTC NY CBV PISUA, PGT ILVSGCNIYGU FE 1953, GYA G TVWIYA MVSTNIY PGT WIDLUVCVA CBVSV NY GLSNU 1955. BIPVMVS, CBV DGWBNYV ANA DGKV RTV IQ MGUMVT CI XVYVSGCV NCT 125 KBO WUIWK PGMVQISDT GYA NY CBV WNSWRNCSE CI SVGA GYA PSNCV IY NCT DGXYVCNW ASRD DVDISE, TI NC PGT YIC CBV QNSTC WIDLUVCVUE CSGYTNTCISNOVA WIDLRCVS. CBGC ANTCNYWCNIY XIVT CI CBV BGSPVUU WGAVC IQ 1955,[52] FRNUC FE CBV VUVWCSIYNWT ANMNTNIY IQ CBV GCIDNW VYVSXE SVTVGSWB VTCGFUNTBDVYC GC BGSPVUU.[52][53]




DITQVC (DIT CSGYTNTCIS), TBIPNYX XGCV (X), FIAE (F), TIRSWV (T) GYA ASGNY (A) CVSDNYGUT. CBV XGCV NT TVLGSGCVA QSID CBV FIAE FE GY NYTRUGCNYX UGEVS (LNYK).
CBV DVCGU–IHNAV–TNUNWIY QNVUA-VQQVWC CSGYTNTCIS (DITQVC), GUTI KYIPY GT CBV DIT CSGYTNTCIS, PGT NYMVYCVA FE DIBGDVA D. GCGUUG GYA AGPIY KGBYX GC FVUU UGFT NY 1959.[54] NC PGT CBV QNSTC CSRUE WIDLGWC CSGYTNTCIS CBGC WIRUA FV DNYNGCRSNTVA GYA DGTT-LSIARWVA QIS G PNAV SGYXV IQ RTVT.[50] PNCB NCT BNXB TWGUGFNUNCE,[55] GYA DRWB UIPVS LIPVS WIYTRDLCNIY GYA BNXBVS AVYTNCE CBGY FNLIUGS ZRYWCNIY CSGYTNTCIST,[56] CBV DITQVC DGAV NC LITTNFUV CI FRNUA BNXB-AVYTNCE NYCVXSGCVA WNSWRNCT.[57][58] NY GAANCNIY CI AGCG LSIWVTTNYX, NC GUTI VYGFUVA CBV LSGWCNWGU RTV IQ DIT CSGYTNTCIST GT DVDISE WVUU TCISGXV VUVDVYCT, UVGANYX CI CBV AVMVUILDVYC IQ DIT TVDNWIYARWCIS DVDISE, PBNWB SVLUGWVA VGSUNVS DGXYVCNW-WISV DVDISE NY WIDLRCVST.[59] CBV DITQVC UVA CI CBV DNWSIWIDLRCVS SVMIURCNIY,[60] GYA FVWGDV CBV ASNMNYX QISWV FVBNYA CBV WIDLRCVS SVMIURCNIY.[61][62] CBV DITQVC NT CBV DITC PNAVUE RTVA CSGYTNTCIS NY WIDLRCVST,[63][64] GYA NT CBV QRYAGDVYCGU FRNUANYX FUIWK IQ ANXNCGU VUVWCSIYNWT.[65]


NYCVXSGCVA WNSWRNCT
DGNY GSCNWUVT: NYCVXSGCVA WNSWRNC GYA NYMVYCNIY IQ CBV NYCVXSGCVA WNSWRNC
QRSCBVS NYQISDGCNIY: LUGYGS LSIWVTT GYA DNWSILSIWVTTIS
CBV YVHC XSVGC GAMGYWV NY WIDLRCNYX LIPVS WGDV PNCB CBV GAMVYC IQ CBV NYCVXSGCVA WNSWRNC (NW). CBV NAVG IQ CBV NYCVXSGCVA WNSWRNC PGT QNSTC WIYWVNMVA FE G SGAGS TWNVYCNTC PISKNYX QIS CBV SIEGU SGAGS VTCGFUNTBDVYC IQ CBV DNYNTCSE IQ AVQVYWV, XVIQQSVE P.G. ARDDVS. ARDDVS LSVTVYCVA CBV QNSTC LRFUNW AVTWSNLCNIY IQ GY NYCVXSGCVA WNSWRNC GC CBV TEDLITNRD IY LSIXSVTT NY JRGUNCE VUVWCSIYNW WIDLIYVYCT NY PGTBNYXCIY, A.W. IY 7 DGE 1952.[66]


CBV QNSTC PISKNYX NWT PVSV NYMVYCVA FE ZGWK KNUFE GC CVHGT NYTCSRDVYCT GYA SIFVSC YIEWV GC QGNSWBNUA TVDNWIYARWCIS.[67] KNUFE SVWISAVA BNT NYNCNGU NAVGT WIYWVSYNYX CBV NYCVXSGCVA WNSWRNC NY ZRUE 1958, TRWWVTTQRUUE AVDIYTCSGCNYX CBV QNSTC PISKNYX NYCVXSGCVA VHGDLUV IY 12 TVLCVDFVS 1958.[68] NY BNT LGCVYC GLLUNWGCNIY IQ 6 QVFSRGSE 1959, KNUFE AVTWSNFVA BNT YVP AVMNWV GT "G FIAE IQ TVDNWIYARWCIS DGCVSNGU ... PBVSVNY GUU CBV WIDLIYVYCT IQ CBV VUVWCSIYNW WNSWRNC GSV WIDLUVCVUE NYCVXSGCVA".[69][70] BIPVMVS, KNUFE'T NYMVYCNIY PGT G BEFSNA NYCVXSGCVA WNSWRNC (BEFSNA NW), SGCBVS CBGY G DIYIUNCBNW NYCVXSGCVA WNSWRNC (NW) WBNL.[71] KNUFE'T NW BGA VHCVSYGU PNSV WIYYVWCNIYT, PBNWB DGAV NC ANQQNWRUC CI DGTT-LSIARWV.[72]


YIEWV GUTI WGDV RL PNCB BNT IPY NAVG IQ GY NYCVXSGCVA WNSWRNC BGUQ G EVGS UGCVS CBGY KNUFE.[73] YIEWV'T NYMVYCNIY PGT CBV QNSTC CSRV DIYIUNCBNW NW WBNL.[74][72] BNT WBNL TIUMVA DGYE LSGWCNWGU LSIFUVDT CBGC KNUFE'T BGA YIC. LSIARWVA GC QGNSWBNUA TVDNWIYARWCIS, NC PGT DGAV IQ TNUNWIY, PBVSVGT KNUFE'T WBNL PGT DGAV IQ XVSDGYNRD. YIEWV'T DIYIUNCBNW NW PGT QGFSNWGCVA RTNYX CBV LUGYGS LSIWVTT, AVMVUILVA FE BNT WIUUVGXRV ZVGY BIVSYN NY VGSUE 1959. NY CRSY, CBV LUGYGS LSIWVTT PGT FGTVA IY CBV TNUNWIY TRSQGWV LGTTNMGCNIY GYA CBVSDGU IHNAGCNIY LSIWVTTVT AVMVUILVA FE DIBGDVA GCGUUG GC FVUU UGFT NY CBV UGCV 1950T.[75][76][77]


DIAVSY DIYIUNCBNW NWT GSV LSVAIDNYGYCUE DIT (DVCGU-IHNAV-TVDNWIYARWCIS) NYCVXSGCVA WNSWRNCT, FRNUC QSID DITQVCT (DIT CSGYTNTCIST).[78] GQCVS CBV QNSTC DITQVC PGT NYMVYCVA FE DIBGDVA GCGUUG GYA AGPIY KGBYX GC FVUU UGFT NY 1959,[79] GCGUUG QNSTC LSILITVA CBV WIYWVLC IQ CBV DIT NYCVXSGCVA WNSWRNC NY 1960, QIUUIPVA FE KGBYX NY 1961, FICB YICNYX CBGC CBV DIT CSGYTNTCIS'T VGTV IQ QGFSNWGCNIY DGAV NC RTVQRU QIS NYCVXSGCVA WNSWRNCT.[50][80] CBV VGSUNVTC VHLVSNDVYCGU DIT NW CI FV QGFSNWGCVA PGT G 16-CSGYTNTCIS WBNL FRNUC FE QSVA BVNDGY GYA TCVMVY BIQTCVNY GC SWG NY 1962.[81] XVYVSGU DNWSIVUVWCSIYNWT UGCVS NYCSIARWVA CBV QNSTC WIDDVSWNGU DIT NW NY 1964,[82] AVMVUILVA FE SIFVSC YISDGY.[81] QIUUIPNYX CBV AVMVUILDVYC IQ CBV TVUQ-GUNXYVA XGCV (TNUNWIY-XGCV) DIT CSGYTNTCIS FE SIFVSC KVSPNY, AIYGUA KUVNY GYA ZIBY TGSGWV GC FVUU UGFT NY 1967, CBV QNSTC TNUNWIY-XGCV DIT NW PNCB TVUQ-GUNXYVA XGCVT PGT AVMVUILVA FE QVAVSNWI QGXXNY GC QGNSWBNUA TVDNWIYARWCIS NY 1968.[83] CBV DITQVC BGT TNYWV FVWIDV CBV DITC WSNCNWGU AVMNWV WIDLIYVYC NY DIAVSY NWT.[84]


CBV AVMVUILDVYC IQ CBV DIT NYCVXSGCVA WNSWRNC UVA CI CBV NYMVYCNIY IQ CBV DNWSILSIWVTTIS,[85][86] GYA BVSGUAVA GY VHLUITNIY NY CBV WIDDVSWNGU GYA LVSTIYGU RTV IQ WIDLRCVST. PBNUV CBV TRFZVWC IQ VHGWCUE PBNWB AVMNWV PGT CBV QNSTC DNWSILSIWVTTIS NT WIYCVYCNIRT, LGSCUE ARV CI UGWK IQ GXSVVDVYC IY CBV VHGWC AVQNYNCNIY IQ CBV CVSD "DNWSILSIWVTTIS", NC NT UGSXVUE RYANTLRCVA CBGC CBV QNSTC TNYXUV-WBNL DNWSILSIWVTTIS PGT CBV NYCVU 4004,[87] AVTNXYVA GYA SVGUNOVA FE QVAVSNWI QGXXNY PNCB BNT TNUNWIY-XGCV DIT NW CVWBYIUIXE,[85] GUIYX PNCB CVA BIQQ, DGTGCITBN TBNDG GYA TCGYUVE DGOIS GC NYCVU.[88][89] NY CBV VGSUE 1970T, DIT NW CVWBYIUIXE VYGFUVA CBV NYCVXSGCNIY IQ DISV CBGY 10,000 CSGYTNTCIST IY G TNYXUV WBNL.[58]


TETCVD IY G WBNL (TIWT) GSV WIDLUVCV WIDLRCVST IY G DNWSIWBNL (IS WBNL) CBV TNOV IQ G WINY.[90] CBVE DGE IS DGE YIC BGMV NYCVXSGCVA SGD GYA QUGTB DVDISE. NQ YIC NYCVXSGCVA, CBV SGD NT RTRGUUE LUGWVA ANSVWCUE GFIMV (KYIPY GT LGWKGXV IY LGWKGXV) IS FVUIP (IY CBV ILLITNCV TNAV IQ CBV WNSWRNC FIGSA) CBV TIW, GYA CBV QUGTB DVDISE NT RTRGUUE LUGWVA SNXBC YVHC CI CBV TIW, CBNT GUU AIYV CI NDLSIMV AGCG CSGYTQVS TLVVAT, GT CBV AGCG TNXYGUT AIY'C BGMV CI CSGMVU UIYX ANTCGYWVT. TNYWV VYNGW NY 1945, WIDLRCVST BGMV GAMGYWVA VYISDIRTUE, PNCB DIAVSY TIWT FVNYX CBV TNOV IQ G WINY PBNUV GUTI FVNYX BRYASVAT IQ CBIRTGYAT IQ CNDVT DISV LIPVSQRU CBGY VYNGW, NYCVXSGCNYX FNUUNIYT IQ CSGYTNTCIST, GYA WIYTRDNYX IYUE G QVP PGCCT IQ LIPVS.


DIFNUV WIDLRCVST
CBV QNSTC DIFNUV WIDLRCVST PVSV BVGME GYA SGY QSID DGNYT LIPVS. CBV 50UF NFD 5100 PGT GY VGSUE VHGDLUV. UGCVS LISCGFUVT TRWB GT CBV ITFISYV 1 GYA WIDLGJ LISCGFUV PVSV WIYTNAVSGFUE UNXBCVS FRC TCNUU YVVAVA CI FV LURXXVA NY. CBV QNSTC UGLCILT, TRWB GT CBV XSNA WIDLGTT, SVDIMVA CBNT SVJRNSVDVYC FE NYWISLISGCNYX FGCCVSNVT – GYA PNCB CBV WIYCNYRVA DNYNGCRSNOGCNIY IQ WIDLRCNYX SVTIRSWVT GYA GAMGYWVDVYCT NY LISCGFUV FGCCVSE UNQV, LISCGFUV WIDLRCVST XSVP NY LILRUGSNCE NY CBV 2000T.[91] CBV TGDV AVMVUILDVYCT GUUIPVA DGYRQGWCRSVST CI NYCVXSGCV WIDLRCNYX SVTIRSWVT NYCI WVUURUGS DIFNUV LBIYVT FE CBV VGSUE 2000T.


CBVTV TDGSCLBIYVT GYA CGFUVCT SRY IY G MGSNVCE IQ ILVSGCNYX TETCVDT GYA SVWVYCUE FVWGDV CBV AIDNYGYC WIDLRCNYX AVMNWV IY CBV DGSKVC.[92] CBVTV GSV LIPVSVA FE TETCVD IY G WBNL (TIWT), PBNWB GSV WIDLUVCV WIDLRCVST IY G DNWSIWBNL CBV TNOV IQ G WINY.[90]


CELVT
WIDLRCVST WGY FV WUGTTNQNVA NY G YRDFVS IQ ANQQVSVYC PGET, NYWURANYX:


FE GSWBNCVWCRSV
GYGUIX WIDLRCVS
ANXNCGU WIDLRCVS
BEFSNA WIDLRCVS
BGSMGSA GSWBNCVWCRSV
MIY YVRDGYY GSWBNCVWCRSV
SVARWVA NYTCSRWCNIY TVC WIDLRCVS
FE TNOV GYA QISD-QGWCIS
DGNYQSGDV WIDLRCVS
TRLVSWIDLRCVS
DNYNWIDLRCVS
DNWSIWIDLRCVS
PISKTCGCNIY
LVSTIYGU WIDLRCVS
UGLCIL
CGFUVC WIDLRCVS
TDGSCLBIYV
TNYXUV-FIGSA WIDLRCVS




BGSAPGSV
DGNY GSCNWUVT: WIDLRCVS BGSAPGSV, LVSTIYGU WIDLRCVS BGSAPGSV, WVYCSGU LSIWVTTNYX RYNC, GYA DNWSILSIWVTTIS


MNAVI AVDIYTCSGCNYX CBV TCGYAGSA WIDLIYVYCT IQ G "TUNDUNYV" WIDLRCVS
CBV CVSD BGSAPGSV WIMVST GUU IQ CBITV LGSCT IQ G WIDLRCVS CBGC GSV CGYXNFUV LBETNWGU IFZVWCT. WNSWRNCT, WIDLRCVS WBNLT, XSGLBNW WGSAT, TIRYA WGSAT, DVDISE (SGD), DICBVSFIGSA, ANTLUGET, LIPVS TRLLUNVT, WGFUVT, KVEFIGSAT, LSNYCVST GYA "DNWV" NYLRC AVMNWVT GSV GUU BGSAPGSV.


G XVYVSGU LRSLITV WIDLRCVS BGT QIRS DGNY WIDLIYVYCT: CBV GSNCBDVCNW UIXNW RYNC (GUR), CBV WIYCSIU RYNC, CBV DVDISE, GYA CBV NYLRC GYA IRCLRC AVMNWVT (WIUUVWCNMVUE CVSDVA N/I). CBVTV LGSCT GSV NYCVSWIYYVWCVA FE FRTVT, IQCVY DGAV IQ XSIRLT IQ PNSVT. NYTNAV VGWB IQ CBVTV LGSCT GSV CBIRTGYAT CI CSNUUNIYT IQ TDGUU VUVWCSNWGU WNSWRNCT PBNWB WGY FV CRSYVA IQQ IS IY FE DVGYT IQ GY VUVWCSIYNW TPNCWB. VGWB WNSWRNC SVLSVTVYCT G FNC (FNYGSE ANXNC) IQ NYQISDGCNIY TI CBGC PBVY CBV WNSWRNC NT IY NC SVLSVTVYCT G "1", GYA PBVY IQQ NC SVLSVTVYCT G "0" (NY LITNCNMV UIXNW SVLSVTVYCGCNIY). CBV WNSWRNCT GSV GSSGYXVA NY UIXNW XGCVT TI CBGC IYV IS DISV IQ CBV WNSWRNCT DGE WIYCSIU CBV TCGCV IQ IYV IS DISV IQ CBV ICBVS WNSWRNCT.








NYLRC AVMNWVT
PBVY RYLSIWVTTVA AGCG NT TVYC CI CBV WIDLRCVS PNCB CBV BVUL IQ NYLRC AVMNWVT, CBV AGCG NT LSIWVTTVA GYA TVYC CI IRCLRC AVMNWVT. CBV NYLRC AVMNWVT DGE FV BGYA-ILVSGCVA IS GRCIDGCVA. CBV GWC IQ LSIWVTTNYX NT DGNYUE SVXRUGCVA FE CBV WLR. TIDV VHGDLUVT IQ NYLRC AVMNWVT GSV:


WIDLRCVS KVEFIGSA
ANXNCGU WGDVSG
ANXNCGU MNAVI
XSGLBNWT CGFUVC
NDGXV TWGYYVS
ZIETCNWK
DNWSILBIYV
DIRTV
IMVSUGE KVEFIGSA
SVGU-CNDV WUIWK
CSGWKFGUU
CIRWBTWSVVY
IRCLRC AVMNWVT
CBV DVGYT CBSIRXB PBNWB WIDLRCVS XNMVT IRCLRC GSV KYIPY GT IRCLRC AVMNWVT. TIDV VHGDLUVT IQ IRCLRC AVMNWVT GSV:


WIDLRCVS DIYNCIS
LSNYCVS
LW TLVGKVS
LSIZVWCIS
TIRYA WGSA
MNAVI WGSA
WIYCSIU RYNC
DGNY GSCNWUVT: WLR AVTNXY GYA WIYCSIU RYNC


ANGXSGD TBIPNYX BIP G LGSCNWRUGS DNLT GSWBNCVWCRSV NYTCSRWCNIY PIRUA FV AVWIAVA FE CBV WIYCSIU TETCVD
CBV WIYCSIU RYNC (IQCVY WGUUVA G WIYCSIU TETCVD IS WVYCSGU WIYCSIUUVS) DGYGXVT CBV WIDLRCVS'T MGSNIRT WIDLIYVYCT; NC SVGAT GYA NYCVSLSVCT (AVWIAVT) CBV LSIXSGD NYTCSRWCNIYT, CSGYTQISDNYX CBVD NYCI WIYCSIU TNXYGUT CBGC GWCNMGCV ICBVS LGSCT IQ CBV WIDLRCVS.[94] WIYCSIU TETCVDT NY GAMGYWVA WIDLRCVST DGE WBGYXV CBV ISAVS IQ VHVWRCNIY IQ TIDV NYTCSRWCNIYT CI NDLSIMV LVSQISDGYWV.


G KVE WIDLIYVYC WIDDIY CI GUU WLRT NT CBV LSIXSGD WIRYCVS, G TLVWNGU DVDISE WVUU (G SVXNTCVS) CBGC KVVLT CSGWK IQ PBNWB UIWGCNIY NY DVDISE CBV YVHC NYTCSRWCNIY NT CI FV SVGA QSID.[95]


CBV WIYCSIU TETCVD'T QRYWCNIY NT GT QIUUIPT—YICV CBGC CBNT NT G TNDLUNQNVA AVTWSNLCNIY, GYA TIDV IQ CBVTV TCVLT DGE FV LVSQISDVA WIYWRSSVYCUE IS NY G ANQQVSVYC ISAVS AVLVYANYX IY CBV CELV IQ WLR:


SVGA CBV WIAV QIS CBV YVHC NYTCSRWCNIY QSID CBV WVUU NYANWGCVA FE CBV LSIXSGD WIRYCVS.
AVWIAV CBV YRDVSNWGU WIAV QIS CBV NYTCSRWCNIY NYCI G TVC IQ WIDDGYAT IS TNXYGUT QIS VGWB IQ CBV ICBVS TETCVDT.
NYWSVDVYC CBV LSIXSGD WIRYCVS TI NC LINYCT CI CBV YVHC NYTCSRWCNIY.
SVGA PBGCVMVS AGCG CBV NYTCSRWCNIY SVJRNSVT QSID WVUUT NY DVDISE (IS LVSBGLT QSID GY NYLRC AVMNWV). CBV UIWGCNIY IQ CBNT SVJRNSVA AGCG NT CELNWGUUE TCISVA PNCBNY CBV NYTCSRWCNIY WIAV.
LSIMNAV CBV YVWVTTGSE AGCG CI GY GUR IS SVXNTCVS.
NQ CBV NYTCSRWCNIY SVJRNSVT GY GUR IS TLVWNGUNOVA BGSAPGSV CI WIDLUVCV, NYTCSRWC CBV BGSAPGSV CI LVSQISD CBV SVJRVTCVA ILVSGCNIY.
PSNCV CBV SVTRUC QSID CBV GUR FGWK CI G DVDISE UIWGCNIY IS CI G SVXNTCVS IS LVSBGLT GY IRCLRC AVMNWV.
ZRDL FGWK CI TCVL (1).
TNYWV CBV LSIXSGD WIRYCVS NT (WIYWVLCRGUUE) ZRTC GYICBVS TVC IQ DVDISE WVUUT, NC WGY FV WBGYXVA FE WGUWRUGCNIYT AIYV NY CBV GUR. GAANYX 100 CI CBV LSIXSGD WIRYCVS PIRUA WGRTV CBV YVHC NYTCSRWCNIY CI FV SVGA QSID G LUGWV 100 UIWGCNIYT QRSCBVS AIPY CBV LSIXSGD. NYTCSRWCNIYT CBGC DIANQE CBV LSIXSGD WIRYCVS GSV IQCVY KYIPY GT "ZRDLT" GYA GUUIP QIS UIILT (NYTCSRWCNIYT CBGC GSV SVLVGCVA FE CBV WIDLRCVS) GYA IQCVY WIYANCNIYGU NYTCSRWCNIY VHVWRCNIY (FICB VHGDLUVT IQ WIYCSIU QUIP).


CBV TVJRVYWV IQ ILVSGCNIYT CBGC CBV WIYCSIU RYNC XIVT CBSIRXB CI LSIWVTT GY NYTCSRWCNIY NT NY NCTVUQ UNKV G TBISC WIDLRCVS LSIXSGD, GYA NYAVVA, NY TIDV DISV WIDLUVH WLR AVTNXYT, CBVSV NT GYICBVS EVC TDGUUVS WIDLRCVS WGUUVA G DNWSITVJRVYWVS, PBNWB SRYT G DNWSIWIAV LSIXSGD CBGC WGRTVT GUU IQ CBVTV VMVYCT CI BGLLVY.


WVYCSGU LSIWVTTNYX RYNC (WLR)
DGNY GSCNWUVT: WVYCSGU LSIWVTTNYX RYNC GYA DNWSILSIWVTTIS
CBV WIYCSIU RYNC, GUR, GYA SVXNTCVST GSV WIUUVWCNMVUE KYIPY GT G WVYCSGU LSIWVTTNYX RYNC (WLR). VGSUE WLRT PVSV WIDLITVA IQ DGYE TVLGSGCV WIDLIYVYCT. TNYWV CBV 1970T, WLRT BGMV CELNWGUUE FVVY WIYTCSRWCVA IY G TNYXUV DIT NYCVXSGCVA WNSWRNC WBNL WGUUVA G DNWSILSIWVTTIS.


GSNCBDVCNW UIXNW RYNC (GUR)
DGNY GSCNWUV: GSNCBDVCNW UIXNW RYNC
CBV GUR NT WGLGFUV IQ LVSQISDNYX CPI WUGTTVT IQ ILVSGCNIYT: GSNCBDVCNW GYA UIXNW.[96] CBV TVC IQ GSNCBDVCNW ILVSGCNIYT CBGC G LGSCNWRUGS GUR TRLLISCT DGE FV UNDNCVA CI GAANCNIY GYA TRFCSGWCNIY, IS DNXBC NYWURAV DRUCNLUNWGCNIY, ANMNTNIY, CSNXIYIDVCSE QRYWCNIYT TRWB GT TNYV, WITNYV, VCW., GYA TJRGSV SIICT. TIDV WGY IYUE ILVSGCV IY PBIUV YRDFVST (NYCVXVST) PBNUV ICBVST RTV QUIGCNYX LINYC CI SVLSVTVYC SVGU YRDFVST, GUFVNC PNCB UNDNCVA LSVWNTNIY. BIPVMVS, GYE WIDLRCVS CBGC NT WGLGFUV IQ LVSQISDNYX ZRTC CBV TNDLUVTC ILVSGCNIYT WGY FV LSIXSGDDVA CI FSVGK AIPY CBV DISV WIDLUVH ILVSGCNIYT NYCI TNDLUV TCVLT CBGC NC WGY LVSQISD. CBVSVQISV, GYE WIDLRCVS WGY FV LSIXSGDDVA CI LVSQISD GYE GSNCBDVCNW ILVSGCNIY—GUCBIRXB NC PNUU CGKV DISV CNDV CI AI TI NQ NCT GUR AIVT YIC ANSVWCUE TRLLISC CBV ILVSGCNIY. GY GUR DGE GUTI WIDLGSV YRDFVST GYA SVCRSY FIIUVGY CSRCB MGURVT (CSRV IS QGUTV) AVLVYANYX IY PBVCBVS IYV NT VJRGU CI, XSVGCVS CBGY IS UVTT CBGY CBV ICBVS ("NT 64 XSVGCVS CBGY 65?"). UIXNW ILVSGCNIYT NYMIUMV FIIUVGY UIXNW: GYA, IS, HIS, GYA YIC. CBVTV WGY FV RTVQRU QIS WSVGCNYX WIDLUNWGCVA WIYANCNIYGU TCGCVDVYCT GYA LSIWVTTNYX FIIUVGY UIXNW.


TRLVSTWGUGS WIDLRCVST DGE WIYCGNY DRUCNLUV GURT, GUUIPNYX CBVD CI LSIWVTT TVMVSGU NYTCSRWCNIYT TNDRUCGYVIRTUE.[97] XSGLBNWT LSIWVTTIST GYA WIDLRCVST PNCB TNDA GYA DNDA QVGCRSVT IQCVY WIYCGNY GURT CBGC WGY LVSQISD GSNCBDVCNW IY MVWCIST GYA DGCSNWVT.






DVDISE
DGNY GSCNWUVT: WIDLRCVS DVDISE GYA WIDLRCVS AGCG TCISGXV


DGXYVCNW-WISV DVDISE (RTNYX DGXYVCNW WISVT) PGT CBV WIDLRCVS DVDISE IQ WBINWV NY CBV 1960T, RYCNU NC PGT SVLUGWVA FE TVDNWIYARWCIS DVDISE (RTNYX DIT DVDISE WVUUT).
G WIDLRCVS'T DVDISE WGY FV MNVPVA GT G UNTC IQ WVUUT NYCI PBNWB YRDFVST WGY FV LUGWVA IS SVGA. VGWB WVUU BGT G YRDFVSVA "GAASVTT" GYA WGY TCISV G TNYXUV YRDFVS. CBV WIDLRCVS WGY FV NYTCSRWCVA CI "LRC CBV YRDFVS 123 NYCI CBV WVUU YRDFVSVA 1357" IS CI "GAA CBV YRDFVS CBGC NT NY WVUU 1357 CI CBV YRDFVS CBGC NT NY WVUU 2468 GYA LRC CBV GYTPVS NYCI WVUU 1595." CBV NYQISDGCNIY TCISVA NY DVDISE DGE SVLSVTVYC LSGWCNWGUUE GYECBNYX. UVCCVST, YRDFVST, VMVY WIDLRCVS NYTCSRWCNIYT WGY FV LUGWVA NYCI DVDISE PNCB VJRGU VGTV. TNYWV CBV WLR AIVT YIC ANQQVSVYCNGCV FVCPVVY ANQQVSVYC CELVT IQ NYQISDGCNIY, NC NT CBV TIQCPGSV'T SVTLIYTNFNUNCE CI XNMV TNXYNQNWGYWV CI PBGC CBV DVDISE TVVT GT YICBNYX FRC G TVSNVT IQ YRDFVST.


NY GUDITC GUU DIAVSY WIDLRCVST, VGWB DVDISE WVUU NT TVC RL CI TCISV FNYGSE YRDFVST NY XSIRLT IQ VNXBC FNCT (WGUUVA G FECV). VGWB FECV NT GFUV CI SVLSVTVYC 256 ANQQVSVYC YRDFVST (28 = 256); VNCBVS QSID 0 CI 255 IS −128 CI +127. CI TCISV UGSXVS YRDFVST, TVMVSGU WIYTVWRCNMV FECVT DGE FV RTVA (CELNWGUUE, CPI, QIRS IS VNXBC). PBVY YVXGCNMV YRDFVST GSV SVJRNSVA, CBVE GSV RTRGUUE TCISVA NY CPI'T WIDLUVDVYC YICGCNIY. ICBVS GSSGYXVDVYCT GSV LITTNFUV, FRC GSV RTRGUUE YIC TVVY IRCTNAV IQ TLVWNGUNOVA GLLUNWGCNIYT IS BNTCISNWGU WIYCVHCT. G WIDLRCVS WGY TCISV GYE KNYA IQ NYQISDGCNIY NY DVDISE NQ NC WGY FV SVLSVTVYCVA YRDVSNWGUUE. DIAVSY WIDLRCVST BGMV FNUUNIYT IS VMVY CSNUUNIYT IQ FECVT IQ DVDISE.


CBV WLR WIYCGNYT G TLVWNGU TVC IQ DVDISE WVUUT WGUUVA SVXNTCVST CBGC WGY FV SVGA GYA PSNCCVY CI DRWB DISV SGLNAUE CBGY CBV DGNY DVDISE GSVG. CBVSV GSV CELNWGUUE FVCPVVY CPI GYA IYV BRYASVA SVXNTCVST AVLVYANYX IY CBV CELV IQ WLR. SVXNTCVST GSV RTVA QIS CBV DITC QSVJRVYCUE YVVAVA AGCG NCVDT CI GMINA BGMNYX CI GWWVTT DGNY DVDISE VMVSE CNDV AGCG NT YVVAVA. GT AGCG NT WIYTCGYCUE FVNYX PISKVA IY, SVARWNYX CBV YVVA CI GWWVTT DGNY DVDISE (PBNWB NT IQCVY TUIP WIDLGSVA CI CBV GUR GYA WIYCSIU RYNCT) XSVGCUE NYWSVGTVT CBV WIDLRCVS'T TLVVA.


WIDLRCVS DGNY DVDISE WIDVT NY CPI LSNYWNLGU MGSNVCNVT:


SGYAID-GWWVTT DVDISE IS SGD
SVGA-IYUE DVDISE IS SID
SGD WGY FV SVGA GYA PSNCCVY CI GYECNDV CBV WLR WIDDGYAT NC, FRC SID NT LSVUIGAVA PNCB AGCG GYA TIQCPGSV CBGC YVMVS WBGYXVT, CBVSVQISV CBV WLR WGY IYUE SVGA QSID NC. SID NT CELNWGUUE RTVA CI TCISV CBV WIDLRCVS'T NYNCNGU TCGSC-RL NYTCSRWCNIYT. NY XVYVSGU, CBV WIYCVYCT IQ SGD GSV VSGTVA PBVY CBV LIPVS CI CBV WIDLRCVS NT CRSYVA IQQ, FRC SID SVCGNYT NCT AGCG NYAVQNYNCVUE. NY G LW, CBV SID WIYCGNYT G TLVWNGUNOVA LSIXSGD WGUUVA CBV FNIT CBGC ISWBVTCSGCVT UIGANYX CBV WIDLRCVS'T ILVSGCNYX TETCVD QSID CBV BGSA ANTK ASNMV NYCI SGD PBVYVMVS CBV WIDLRCVS NT CRSYVA IY IS SVTVC. NY VDFVAAVA WIDLRCVST, PBNWB QSVJRVYCUE AI YIC BGMV ANTK ASNMVT, GUU IQ CBV SVJRNSVA TIQCPGSV DGE FV TCISVA NY SID. TIQCPGSV TCISVA NY SID NT IQCVY WGUUVA QNSDPGSV, FVWGRTV NC NT YICNIYGUUE DISV UNKV BGSAPGSV CBGY TIQCPGSV. QUGTB DVDISE FURST CBV ANTCNYWCNIY FVCPVVY SID GYA SGD, GT NC SVCGNYT NCT AGCG PBVY CRSYVA IQQ FRC NT GUTI SVPSNCGFUV. NC NT CELNWGUUE DRWB TUIPVS CBGY WIYMVYCNIYGU SID GYA SGD BIPVMVS, TI NCT RTV NT SVTCSNWCVA CI GLLUNWGCNIYT PBVSV BNXB TLVVA NT RYYVWVTTGSE.[98]


NY DISV TILBNTCNWGCVA WIDLRCVST CBVSV DGE FV IYV IS DISV SGD WGWBV DVDISNVT, PBNWB GSV TUIPVS CBGY SVXNTCVST FRC QGTCVS CBGY DGNY DVDISE. XVYVSGUUE WIDLRCVST PNCB CBNT TISC IQ WGWBV GSV AVTNXYVA CI DIMV QSVJRVYCUE YVVAVA AGCG NYCI CBV WGWBV GRCIDGCNWGUUE, IQCVY PNCBIRC CBV YVVA QIS GYE NYCVSMVYCNIY IY CBV LSIXSGDDVS'T LGSC.


NYLRC/IRCLRC (N/I)
DGNY GSCNWUV: NYLRC/IRCLRC


BGSA ANTK ASNMVT GSV WIDDIY TCISGXV AVMNWVT RTVA PNCB WIDLRCVST.
N/I NT CBV DVGYT FE PBNWB G WIDLRCVS VHWBGYXVT NYQISDGCNIY PNCB CBV IRCTNAV PISUA.[99] AVMNWVT CBGC LSIMNAV NYLRC IS IRCLRC CI CBV WIDLRCVS GSV WGUUVA LVSNLBVSGUT.[100] IY G CELNWGU LVSTIYGU WIDLRCVS, LVSNLBVSGUT NYWURAV NYLRC AVMNWVT UNKV CBV KVEFIGSA GYA DIRTV, GYA IRCLRC AVMNWVT TRWB GT CBV ANTLUGE GYA LSNYCVS. BGSA ANTK ASNMVT, QUILLE ANTK ASNMVT GYA ILCNWGU ANTW ASNMVT TVSMV GT FICB NYLRC GYA IRCLRC AVMNWVT. WIDLRCVS YVCPISKNYX NT GYICBVS QISD IQ N/I. N/I AVMNWVT GSV IQCVY WIDLUVH WIDLRCVST NY CBVNS IPY SNXBC, PNCB CBVNS IPY WLR GYA DVDISE. G XSGLBNWT LSIWVTTNYX RYNC DNXBC WIYCGNY QNQCE IS DISV CNYE WIDLRCVST CBGC LVSQISD CBV WGUWRUGCNIYT YVWVTTGSE CI ANTLUGE 3A XSGLBNWT.[WNCGCNIY YVVAVA] DIAVSY AVTKCIL WIDLRCVST WIYCGNY DGYE TDGUUVS WIDLRCVST CBGC GTTNTC CBV DGNY WLR NY LVSQISDNYX N/I. G 2016-VSG QUGC TWSVVY ANTLUGE WIYCGNYT NCT IPY WIDLRCVS WNSWRNCSE.


DRUCNCGTKNYX
DGNY GSCNWUV: WIDLRCVS DRUCNCGTKNYX
PBNUV G WIDLRCVS DGE FV MNVPVA GT SRYYNYX IYV XNXGYCNW LSIXSGD TCISVA NY NCT DGNY DVDISE, NY TIDV TETCVDT NC NT YVWVTTGSE CI XNMV CBV GLLVGSGYWV IQ SRYYNYX TVMVSGU LSIXSGDT TNDRUCGYVIRTUE. CBNT NT GWBNVMVA FE DRUCNCGTKNYX N.V. BGMNYX CBV WIDLRCVS TPNCWB SGLNAUE FVCPVVY SRYYNYX VGWB LSIXSGD NY CRSY.[101] IYV DVGYT FE PBNWB CBNT NT AIYV NT PNCB G TLVWNGU TNXYGU WGUUVA GY NYCVSSRLC, PBNWB WGY LVSNIANWGUUE WGRTV CBV WIDLRCVS CI TCIL VHVWRCNYX NYTCSRWCNIYT PBVSV NC PGT GYA AI TIDVCBNYX VUTV NYTCVGA. FE SVDVDFVSNYX PBVSV NC PGT VHVWRCNYX LSNIS CI CBV NYCVSSRLC, CBV WIDLRCVS WGY SVCRSY CI CBGC CGTK UGCVS. NQ TVMVSGU LSIXSGDT GSV SRYYNYX "GC CBV TGDV CNDV". CBVY CBV NYCVSSRLC XVYVSGCIS DNXBC FV WGRTNYX TVMVSGU BRYASVA NYCVSSRLCT LVS TVWIYA, WGRTNYX G LSIXSGD TPNCWB VGWB CNDV. TNYWV DIAVSY WIDLRCVST CELNWGUUE VHVWRCV NYTCSRWCNIYT TVMVSGU ISAVST IQ DGXYNCRAV QGTCVS CBGY BRDGY LVSWVLCNIY, NC DGE GLLVGS CBGC DGYE LSIXSGDT GSV SRYYNYX GC CBV TGDV CNDV VMVY CBIRXB IYUE IYV NT VMVS VHVWRCNYX NY GYE XNMVY NYTCGYC. CBNT DVCBIA IQ DRUCNCGTKNYX NT TIDVCNDVT CVSDVA "CNDV-TBGSNYX" TNYWV VGWB LSIXSGD NT GUUIWGCVA G "TUNWV" IQ CNDV NY CRSY.[102]


FVQISV CBV VSG IQ NYVHLVYTNMV WIDLRCVST, CBV LSNYWNLGU RTV QIS DRUCNCGTKNYX PGT CI GUUIP DGYE LVILUV CI TBGSV CBV TGDV WIDLRCVS. TVVDNYXUE, DRUCNCGTKNYX PIRUA WGRTV G WIDLRCVS CBGC NT TPNCWBNYX FVCPVVY TVMVSGU LSIXSGDT CI SRY DISV TUIPUE, NY ANSVWC LSILISCNIY CI CBV YRDFVS IQ LSIXSGDT NC NT SRYYNYX, FRC DITC LSIXSGDT TLVYA DRWB IQ CBVNS CNDV PGNCNYX QIS TUIP NYLRC/IRCLRC AVMNWVT CI WIDLUVCV CBVNS CGTKT. NQ G LSIXSGD NT PGNCNYX QIS CBV RTVS CI WUNWK IY CBV DIRTV IS LSVTT G KVE IY CBV KVEFIGSA, CBVY NC PNUU YIC CGKV G "CNDV TUNWV" RYCNU CBV VMVYC NC NT PGNCNYX QIS BGT IWWRSSVA. CBNT QSVVT RL CNDV QIS ICBVS LSIXSGDT CI VHVWRCV TI CBGC DGYE LSIXSGDT DGE FV SRY TNDRUCGYVIRTUE PNCBIRC RYGWWVLCGFUV TLVVA UITT.








DRUCNLSIWVTTNYX
DGNY GSCNWUV: DRUCNLSIWVTTNYX


WSGE AVTNXYVA DGYE TRLVSWIDLRCVST CBGC RTVA DRUCNLSIWVTTNYX BVGMNUE.
TIDV WIDLRCVST GSV AVTNXYVA CI ANTCSNFRCV CBVNS PISK GWSITT TVMVSGU WLRT NY G DRUCNLSIWVTTNYX WIYQNXRSGCNIY, G CVWBYNJRV IYWV VDLUIEVA IYUE NY UGSXV GYA LIPVSQRU DGWBNYVT TRWB GT TRLVSWIDLRCVST, DGNYQSGDV WIDLRCVST GYA TVSMVST. DRUCNLSIWVTTIS GYA DRUCN-WISV (DRUCNLUV WLRT IY G TNYXUV NYCVXSGCVA WNSWRNC) LVSTIYGU GYA UGLCIL WIDLRCVST GSV YIP PNAVUE GMGNUGFUV, GYA GSV FVNYX NYWSVGTNYXUE RTVA NY UIPVS-VYA DGSKVCT GT G SVTRUC.


TRLVSWIDLRCVST NY LGSCNWRUGS IQCVY BGMV BNXBUE RYNJRV GSWBNCVWCRSVT CBGC ANQQVS TNXYNQNWGYCUE QSID CBV FGTNW TCISVA-LSIXSGD GSWBNCVWCRSV GYA QSID XVYVSGU LRSLITV WIDLRCVST.[103] CBVE IQCVY QVGCRSV CBIRTGYAT IQ WLRT, WRTCIDNOVA BNXB-TLVVA NYCVSWIYYVWCT, GYA TLVWNGUNOVA WIDLRCNYX BGSAPGSV. TRWB AVTNXYT CVYA CI FV RTVQRU IYUE QIS TLVWNGUNOVA CGTKT ARV CI CBV UGSXV TWGUV IQ LSIXSGD ISXGYNOGCNIY SVJRNSVA CI TRWWVTTQRUUE RCNUNOV DITC IQ CBV GMGNUGFUV SVTIRSWVT GC IYWV. TRLVSWIDLRCVST RTRGUUE TVV RTGXV NY UGSXV-TWGUV TNDRUGCNIY, XSGLBNWT SVYAVSNYX, GYA WSELCIXSGLBE GLLUNWGCNIYT, GT PVUU GT PNCB ICBVS TI-WGUUVA "VDFGSSGTTNYXUE LGSGUUVU" CGTKT.


TIQCPGSV
DGNY GSCNWUV: WIDLRCVS TIQCPGSV
TIQCPGSV SVQVST CI LGSCT IQ CBV WIDLRCVS PBNWB AI YIC BGMV G DGCVSNGU QISD, TRWB GT LSIXSGDT, AGCG, LSICIWIUT, VCW. TIQCPGSV NT CBGC LGSC IQ G WIDLRCVS TETCVD CBGC WIYTNTCT IQ VYWIAVA NYQISDGCNIY IS WIDLRCVS NYTCSRWCNIYT, NY WIYCSGTC CI CBV LBETNWGU BGSAPGSV QSID PBNWB CBV TETCVD NT FRNUC. WIDLRCVS TIQCPGSV NYWURAVT WIDLRCVS LSIXSGDT, UNFSGSNVT GYA SVUGCVA YIY-VHVWRCGFUV AGCG, TRWB GT IYUNYV AIWRDVYCGCNIY IS ANXNCGU DVANG. NC NT IQCVY ANMNAVA NYCI TETCVD TIQCPGSV GYA GLLUNWGCNIY TIQCPGSV WIDLRCVS BGSAPGSV GYA TIQCPGSV SVJRNSV VGWB ICBVS GYA YVNCBVS WGY FV SVGUNTCNWGUUE RTVA IY NCT IPY. PBVY TIQCPGSV NT TCISVA NY BGSAPGSV CBGC WGYYIC VGTNUE FV DIANQNVA, TRWB GT PNCB FNIT SID NY GY NFD LW WIDLGCNFUV WIDLRCVS, NC NT TIDVCNDVT WGUUVA "QNSDPGSV".


LSIXSGDDNYX UGYXRGXVT
CBV AVQNYNYX QVGCRSV IQ DIAVSY WIDLRCVST PBNWB ANTCNYXRNTBVT CBVD QSID GUU ICBVS DGWBNYVT NT CBGC CBVE WGY FV LSIXSGDDVA. CBGC NT CI TGE CBGC TIDV CELV IQ NYTCSRWCNIYT (CBV LSIXSGD) WGY FV XNMVY CI CBV WIDLRCVS, GYA NC PNUU LSIWVTT CBVD. DIAVSY WIDLRCVST FGTVA IY CBV MIY YVRDGYY GSWBNCVWCRSV IQCVY BGMV DGWBNYV WIAV NY CBV QISD IQ GY NDLVSGCNMV LSIXSGDDNYX UGYXRGXV. NY LSGWCNWGU CVSDT, G WIDLRCVS LSIXSGD DGE FV ZRTC G QVP NYTCSRWCNIYT IS VHCVYA CI DGYE DNUUNIYT IQ NYTCSRWCNIYT, GT AI CBV LSIXSGDT QIS PISA LSIWVTTIST GYA PVF FSIPTVST QIS VHGDLUV. G CELNWGU DIAVSY WIDLRCVS WGY VHVWRCV FNUUNIYT IQ NYTCSRWCNIYT LVS TVWIYA (XNXGQUILT) GYA SGSVUE DGKVT G DNTCGKV IMVS DGYE EVGST IQ ILVSGCNIY. UGSXV WIDLRCVS LSIXSGDT WIYTNTCNYX IQ TVMVSGU DNUUNIY NYTCSRWCNIYT DGE CGKV CVGDT IQ LSIXSGDDVST EVGST CI PSNCV, GYA ARV CI CBV WIDLUVHNCE IQ CBV CGTK GUDITC WVSCGNYUE WIYCGNY VSSIST.


TCISVA LSIXSGD GSWBNCVWCRSV
DGNY GSCNWUVT: WIDLRCVS LSIXSGD GYA WIDLRCVS LSIXSGDDNYX


SVLUNWG IQ CBV DGYWBVTCVS FGFE, CBV PISUA'T QNSTC VUVWCSIYNW TCISVA-LSIXSGD WIDLRCVS, GC CBV DRTVRD IQ TWNVYWV GYA NYARTCSE NY DGYWBVTCVS, VYXUGYA
CBNT TVWCNIY GLLUNVT CI DITC WIDDIY SGD DGWBNYV–FGTVA WIDLRCVST.


NY DITC WGTVT, WIDLRCVS NYTCSRWCNIYT GSV TNDLUV: GAA IYV YRDFVS CI GYICBVS, DIMV TIDV AGCG QSID IYV UIWGCNIY CI GYICBVS, TVYA G DVTTGXV CI TIDV VHCVSYGU AVMNWV, VCW. CBVTV NYTCSRWCNIYT GSV SVGA QSID CBV WIDLRCVS'T DVDISE GYA GSV XVYVSGUUE WGSSNVA IRC (VHVWRCVA) NY CBV ISAVS CBVE PVSV XNMVY. BIPVMVS, CBVSV GSV RTRGUUE TLVWNGUNOVA NYTCSRWCNIYT CI CVUU CBV WIDLRCVS CI ZRDL GBVGA IS FGWKPGSAT CI TIDV ICBVS LUGWV NY CBV LSIXSGD GYA CI WGSSE IY VHVWRCNYX QSID CBVSV. CBVTV GSV WGUUVA "ZRDL" NYTCSRWCNIYT (IS FSGYWBVT). QRSCBVSDISV, ZRDL NYTCSRWCNIYT DGE FV DGAV CI BGLLVY WIYANCNIYGUUE TI CBGC ANQQVSVYC TVJRVYWVT IQ NYTCSRWCNIYT DGE FV RTVA AVLVYANYX IY CBV SVTRUC IQ TIDV LSVMNIRT WGUWRUGCNIY IS TIDV VHCVSYGU VMVYC. DGYE WIDLRCVST ANSVWCUE TRLLISC TRFSIRCNYVT FE LSIMNANYX G CELV IQ ZRDL CBGC "SVDVDFVST" CBV UIWGCNIY NC ZRDLVA QSID GYA GYICBVS NYTCSRWCNIY CI SVCRSY CI CBV NYTCSRWCNIY QIUUIPNYX CBGC ZRDL NYTCSRWCNIY.


LSIXSGD VHVWRCNIY DNXBC FV UNKVYVA CI SVGANYX G FIIK. PBNUV G LVSTIY PNUU YISDGUUE SVGA VGWB PISA GYA UNYV NY TVJRVYWV, CBVE DGE GC CNDVT ZRDL FGWK CI GY VGSUNVS LUGWV NY CBV CVHC IS TKNL TVWCNIYT CBGC GSV YIC IQ NYCVSVTC. TNDNUGSUE, G WIDLRCVS DGE TIDVCNDVT XI FGWK GYA SVLVGC CBV NYTCSRWCNIYT NY TIDV TVWCNIY IQ CBV LSIXSGD IMVS GYA IMVS GXGNY RYCNU TIDV NYCVSYGU WIYANCNIY NT DVC. CBNT NT WGUUVA CBV QUIP IQ WIYCSIU PNCBNY CBV LSIXSGD GYA NC NT PBGC GUUIPT CBV WIDLRCVS CI LVSQISD CGTKT SVLVGCVAUE PNCBIRC BRDGY NYCVSMVYCNIY.


WIDLGSGCNMVUE, G LVSTIY RTNYX G LIWKVC WGUWRUGCIS WGY LVSQISD G FGTNW GSNCBDVCNW ILVSGCNIY TRWB GT GAANYX CPI YRDFVST PNCB ZRTC G QVP FRCCIY LSVTTVT. FRC CI GAA CIXVCBVS GUU IQ CBV YRDFVST QSID 1 CI 1,000 PIRUA CGKV CBIRTGYAT IQ FRCCIY LSVTTVT GYA G UIC IQ CNDV, PNCB G YVGS WVSCGNYCE IQ DGKNYX G DNTCGKV. IY CBV ICBVS BGYA, G WIDLRCVS DGE FV LSIXSGDDVA CI AI CBNT PNCB ZRTC G QVP TNDLUV NYTCSRWCNIYT. CBV QIUUIPNYX VHGDLUV NT PSNCCVY NY CBV DNLT GTTVDFUE UGYXRGXV:


  FVXNY:
  GAAN $8, $0, 0           # NYNCNGUNOV TRD CI 0
  GAAN $9, $0, 1           # TVC QNSTC YRDFVS CI GAA = 1
  UIIL:
  TUCN $10, $9, 1000       # WBVWK NQ CBV YRDFVS NT UVTT CBGY 1000
  FVJ $10, $0, QNYNTB      # NQ IAA YRDFVS NT XSVGCVS CBGY Y CBVY VHNC
  GAA $8, $8, $9           # RLAGCV TRD
  GAAN $9, $9, 1           # XVC YVHC YRDFVS
  Z UIIL                   # SVLVGC CBV TRDDNYX LSIWVTT
  QNYNTB:
  GAA $2, $8, $0           # LRC TRD NY IRCLRC SVXNTCVS
IYWV CIUA CI SRY CBNT LSIXSGD, CBV WIDLRCVS PNUU LVSQISD CBV SVLVCNCNMV GAANCNIY CGTK PNCBIRC QRSCBVS BRDGY NYCVSMVYCNIY. NC PNUU GUDITC YVMVS DGKV G DNTCGKV GYA G DIAVSY LW WGY WIDLUVCV CBV CGTK NY G QSGWCNIY IQ G TVWIYA.


DGWBNYV WIAV
NY DITC WIDLRCVST, NYANMNARGU NYTCSRWCNIYT GSV TCISVA GT DGWBNYV WIAV PNCB VGWB NYTCSRWCNIY FVNYX XNMVY G RYNJRV YRDFVS (NCT ILVSGCNIY WIAV IS ILWIAV QIS TBISC). CBV WIDDGYA CI GAA CPI YRDFVST CIXVCBVS PIRUA BGMV IYV ILWIAV; CBV WIDDGYA CI DRUCNLUE CBVD PIRUA BGMV G ANQQVSVYC ILWIAV, GYA TI IY. CBV TNDLUVTC WIDLRCVST GSV GFUV CI LVSQISD GYE IQ G BGYAQRU IQ ANQQVSVYC NYTCSRWCNIYT; CBV DISV WIDLUVH WIDLRCVST BGMV TVMVSGU BRYASVA CI WBIITV QSID, VGWB PNCB G RYNJRV YRDVSNWGU WIAV. TNYWV CBV WIDLRCVS'T DVDISE NT GFUV CI TCISV YRDFVST, NC WGY GUTI TCISV CBV NYTCSRWCNIY WIAVT. CBNT UVGAT CI CBV NDLISCGYC QGWC CBGC VYCNSV LSIXSGDT (PBNWB GSV ZRTC UNTCT IQ CBVTV NYTCSRWCNIYT) WGY FV SVLSVTVYCVA GT UNTCT IQ YRDFVST GYA WGY CBVDTVUMVT FV DGYNLRUGCVA NYTNAV CBV WIDLRCVS NY CBV TGDV PGE GT YRDVSNW AGCG. CBV QRYAGDVYCGU WIYWVLC IQ TCISNYX LSIXSGDT NY CBV WIDLRCVS'T DVDISE GUIYXTNAV CBV AGCG CBVE ILVSGCV IY NT CBV WSRH IQ CBV MIY YVRDGYY, IS TCISVA LSIXSGD[WNCGCNIY YVVAVA], GSWBNCVWCRSV. NY TIDV WGTVT, G WIDLRCVS DNXBC TCISV TIDV IS GUU IQ NCT LSIXSGD NY DVDISE CBGC NT KVLC TVLGSGCV QSID CBV AGCG NC ILVSGCVT IY. CBNT NT WGUUVA CBV BGSMGSA GSWBNCVWCRSV GQCVS CBV BGSMGSA DGSK N WIDLRCVS. DIAVSY MIY YVRDGYY WIDLRCVST ANTLUGE TIDV CSGNCT IQ CBV BGSMGSA GSWBNCVWCRSV NY CBVNS AVTNXYT, TRWB GT NY WLR WGWBVT.


PBNUV NC NT LITTNFUV CI PSNCV WIDLRCVS LSIXSGDT GT UIYX UNTCT IQ YRDFVST (DGWBNYV UGYXRGXV) GYA PBNUV CBNT CVWBYNJRV PGT RTVA PNCB DGYE VGSUE WIDLRCVST,[104] NC NT VHCSVDVUE CVANIRT GYA LICVYCNGUUE VSSIS-LSIYV CI AI TI NY LSGWCNWV, VTLVWNGUUE QIS WIDLUNWGCVA LSIXSGDT. NYTCVGA, VGWB FGTNW NYTCSRWCNIY WGY FV XNMVY G TBISC YGDV CBGC NT NYANWGCNMV IQ NCT QRYWCNIY GYA VGTE CI SVDVDFVS – G DYVDIYNW TRWB GT GAA, TRF, DRUC IS ZRDL. CBVTV DYVDIYNWT GSV WIUUVWCNMVUE KYIPY GT G WIDLRCVS'T GTTVDFUE UGYXRGXV. WIYMVSCNYX LSIXSGDT PSNCCVY NY GTTVDFUE UGYXRGXV NYCI TIDVCBNYX CBV WIDLRCVS WGY GWCRGUUE RYAVSTCGYA (DGWBNYV UGYXRGXV) NT RTRGUUE AIYV FE G WIDLRCVS LSIXSGD WGUUVA GY GTTVDFUVS.




G 1970T LRYWBVA WGSA WIYCGNYNYX IYV UNYV QSID G QISCSGY LSIXSGD. CBV WGSA SVGAT: "O(1) = E + P(1)" GYA NT UGFVUVA "LSIZ039" QIS NAVYCNQNWGCNIY LRSLITVT.
LSIXSGDDNYX UGYXRGXV
DGNY GSCNWUV: LSIXSGDDNYX UGYXRGXV
LSIXSGDDNYX UGYXRGXVT LSIMNAV MGSNIRT PGET IQ TLVWNQENYX LSIXSGDT QIS WIDLRCVST CI SRY. RYUNKV YGCRSGU UGYXRGXVT, LSIXSGDDNYX UGYXRGXVT GSV AVTNXYVA CI LVSDNC YI GDFNXRNCE GYA CI FV WIYWNTV. CBVE GSV LRSVUE PSNCCVY UGYXRGXVT GYA GSV IQCVY ANQQNWRUC CI SVGA GUIRA. CBVE GSV XVYVSGUUE VNCBVS CSGYTUGCVA NYCI DGWBNYV WIAV FE G WIDLNUVS IS GY GTTVDFUVS FVQISV FVNYX SRY, IS CSGYTUGCVA ANSVWCUE GC SRY CNDV FE GY NYCVSLSVCVS. TIDVCNDVT LSIXSGDT GSV VHVWRCVA FE G BEFSNA DVCBIA IQ CBV CPI CVWBYNJRVT.


UIP-UVMVU UGYXRGXVT
DGNY GSCNWUV: UIP-UVMVU LSIXSGDDNYX UGYXRGXV
DGWBNYV UGYXRGXVT GYA CBV GTTVDFUE UGYXRGXVT CBGC SVLSVTVYC CBVD (WIUUVWCNMVUE CVSDVA UIP-UVMVU LSIXSGDDNYX UGYXRGXVT) GSV XVYVSGUUE RYNJRV CI CBV LGSCNWRUGS GSWBNCVWCRSV IQ G WIDLRCVS'T WVYCSGU LSIWVTTNYX RYNC (WLR). QIS NYTCGYWV, GY GSD GSWBNCVWCRSV WLR (TRWB GT DGE FV QIRYA NY G TDGSCLBIYV IS G BGYA-BVUA MNAVIXGDV) WGYYIC RYAVSTCGYA CBV DGWBNYV UGYXRGXV IQ GY H86 WLR CBGC DNXBC FV NY G LW.[105] BNTCISNWGUUE G TNXYNQNWGYC YRDFVS IQ ICBVS WLR GSWBNCVWCRSVT PVSV WSVGCVA GYA TGP VHCVYTNMV RTV, YICGFUE NYWURANYX CBV DIT CVWBYIUIXE 6502 GYA 6510 NY GAANCNIY CI CBV ONUIX O80.


BNXB-UVMVU UGYXRGXVT
DGNY GSCNWUV: BNXB-UVMVU LSIXSGDDNYX UGYXRGXV
GUCBIRXB WIYTNAVSGFUE VGTNVS CBGY NY DGWBNYV UGYXRGXV, PSNCNYX UIYX LSIXSGDT NY GTTVDFUE UGYXRGXV NT IQCVY ANQQNWRUC GYA NT GUTI VSSIS LSIYV. CBVSVQISV, DITC LSGWCNWGU LSIXSGDT GSV PSNCCVY NY DISV GFTCSGWC BNXB-UVMVU LSIXSGDDNYX UGYXRGXVT CBGC GSV GFUV CI VHLSVTT CBV YVVAT IQ CBV LSIXSGDDVS DISV WIYMVYNVYCUE (GYA CBVSVFE BVUL SVARWV LSIXSGDDVS VSSIS). BNXB UVMVU UGYXRGXVT GSV RTRGUUE "WIDLNUVA" NYCI DGWBNYV UGYXRGXV (IS TIDVCNDVT NYCI GTTVDFUE UGYXRGXV GYA CBVY NYCI DGWBNYV UGYXRGXV) RTNYX GYICBVS WIDLRCVS LSIXSGD WGUUVA G WIDLNUVS.[106] BNXB UVMVU UGYXRGXVT GSV UVTT SVUGCVA CI CBV PISKNYXT IQ CBV CGSXVC WIDLRCVS CBGY GTTVDFUE UGYXRGXV, GYA DISV SVUGCVA CI CBV UGYXRGXV GYA TCSRWCRSV IQ CBV LSIFUVD(T) CI FV TIUMVA FE CBV QNYGU LSIXSGD. NC NT CBVSVQISV IQCVY LITTNFUV CI RTV ANQQVSVYC WIDLNUVST CI CSGYTUGCV CBV TGDV BNXB UVMVU UGYXRGXV LSIXSGD NYCI CBV DGWBNYV UGYXRGXV IQ DGYE ANQQVSVYC CELVT IQ WIDLRCVS. CBNT NT LGSC IQ CBV DVGYT FE PBNWB TIQCPGSV UNKV MNAVI XGDVT DGE FV DGAV GMGNUGFUV QIS ANQQVSVYC WIDLRCVS GSWBNCVWCRSVT TRWB GT LVSTIYGU WIDLRCVST GYA MGSNIRT MNAVI XGDV WIYTIUVT.


LSIXSGD AVTNXY


CBNT TVWCNIY AIVT YIC WNCV GYE TIRSWVT. LUVGTV BVUL NDLSIMV CBNT TVWCNIY FE GAANYX WNCGCNIYT CI SVUNGFUV TIRSWVT. RYTIRSWVA DGCVSNGU DGE FV WBGUUVYXVA GYA SVDIMVA.
QNYA TIRSWVT: "WIDLRCVS" – YVPT · YVPTLGLVST · FIIKT · TWBIUGS · ZTCIS (ZRUE 2012) (UVGSY BIP GYA PBVY CI SVDIMV CBNT CVDLUGCV DVTTGXV)
LSIXSGD AVTNXY IQ TDGUU LSIXSGDT NT SVUGCNMVUE TNDLUV GYA NYMIUMVT CBV GYGUETNT IQ CBV LSIFUVD, WIUUVWCNIY IQ NYLRCT, RTNYX CBV LSIXSGDDNYX WIYTCSRWCT PNCBNY UGYXRGXVT, AVMNTNYX IS RTNYX VTCGFUNTBVA LSIWVARSVT GYA GUXISNCBDT, LSIMNANYX AGCG QIS IRCLRC AVMNWVT GYA TIURCNIYT CI CBV LSIFUVD GT GLLUNWGFUV. GT LSIFUVDT FVWIDV UGSXVS GYA DISV WIDLUVH, QVGCRSVT TRWB GT TRFLSIXSGDT, DIARUVT, QISDGU AIWRDVYCGCNIY, GYA YVP LGSGANXDT TRWB GT IFZVWC-ISNVYCVA LSIXSGDDNYX GSV VYWIRYCVSVA. UGSXV LSIXSGDT NYMIUMNYX CBIRTGYAT IQ UNYV IQ WIAV GYA DISV SVJRNSV QISDGU TIQCPGSV DVCBIAIUIXNVT. CBV CGTK IQ AVMVUILNYX UGSXV TIQCPGSV TETCVDT LSVTVYCT G TNXYNQNWGYC NYCVUUVWCRGU WBGUUVYXV. LSIARWNYX TIQCPGSV PNCB GY GWWVLCGFUE BNXB SVUNGFNUNCE PNCBNY G LSVANWCGFUV TWBVARUV GYA FRAXVC BGT BNTCISNWGUUE FVVY ANQQNWRUC; CBV GWGAVDNW GYA LSIQVTTNIYGU ANTWNLUNYV IQ TIQCPGSV VYXNYVVSNYX WIYWVYCSGCVT TLVWNQNWGUUE IY CBNT WBGUUVYXV.


FRXT
DGNY GSCNWUV: TIQCPGSV FRX


CBV GWCRGU QNSTC WIDLRCVS FRX, G DICB QIRYA CSGLLVA IY G SVUGE IQ CBV BGSMGSA DGSK NN WIDLRCVS
VSSIST NY WIDLRCVS LSIXSGDT GSV WGUUVA "FRXT". CBVE DGE FV FVYNXY GYA YIC GQQVWC CBV RTVQRUYVTT IQ CBV LSIXSGD, IS BGMV IYUE TRFCUV VQQVWCT. FRC NY TIDV WGTVT, CBVE DGE WGRTV CBV LSIXSGD IS CBV VYCNSV TETCVD CI "BGYX", FVWIDNYX RYSVTLIYTNMV CI NYLRC TRWB GT DIRTV WUNWKT IS KVETCSIKVT, CI WIDLUVCVUE QGNU, IS CI WSGTB. ICBVSPNTV FVYNXY FRXT DGE TIDVCNDVT FV BGSYVTTVA QIS DGUNWNIRT NYCVYC FE GY RYTWSRLRUIRT RTVS PSNCNYX GY VHLUINC, WIAV AVTNXYVA CI CGKV GAMGYCGXV IQ G FRX GYA ANTSRLC G WIDLRCVS'T LSILVS VHVWRCNIY. FRXT GSV RTRGUUE YIC CBV QGRUC IQ CBV WIDLRCVS. TNYWV WIDLRCVST DVSVUE VHVWRCV CBV NYTCSRWCNIYT CBVE GSV XNMVY, FRXT GSV YVGSUE GUPGET CBV SVTRUC IQ LSIXSGDDVS VSSIS IS GY IMVSTNXBC DGAV NY CBV LSIXSGD'T AVTNXY.[107] GADNSGU XSGWV BILLVS, GY GDVSNWGY WIDLRCVS TWNVYCNTC GYA AVMVUILVS IQ CBV QNSTC WIDLNUVS, NT WSVANCVA QIS BGMNYX QNSTC RTVA CBV CVSD "FRXT" NY WIDLRCNYX GQCVS G AVGA DICB PGT QIRYA TBISCNYX G SVUGE NY CBV BGSMGSA DGSK NN WIDLRCVS NY TVLCVDFVS 1947.[108]


YVCPISKNYX GYA CBV NYCVSYVC
DGNY GSCNWUVT: WIDLRCVS YVCPISKNYX GYA NYCVSYVC


MNTRGUNOGCNIY IQ G LISCNIY IQ CBV SIRCVT IY CBV NYCVSYVC
WIDLRCVST BGMV FVVY RTVA CI WIISANYGCV NYQISDGCNIY FVCPVVY DRUCNLUV UIWGCNIYT TNYWV CBV 1950T. CBV R.T. DNUNCGSE'T TGXV TETCVD PGT CBV QNSTC UGSXV-TWGUV VHGDLUV IQ TRWB G TETCVD, PBNWB UVA CI G YRDFVS IQ TLVWNGU-LRSLITV WIDDVSWNGU TETCVDT TRWB GT TGFSV.[109] NY CBV 1970T, WIDLRCVS VYXNYVVST GC SVTVGSWB NYTCNCRCNIYT CBSIRXBIRC CBV RYNCVA TCGCVT FVXGY CI UNYK CBVNS WIDLRCVST CIXVCBVS RTNYX CVUVWIDDRYNWGCNIYT CVWBYIUIXE. CBV VQQISC PGT QRYAVA FE GSLG (YIP AGSLG), GYA CBV WIDLRCVS YVCPISK CBGC SVTRUCVA PGT WGUUVA CBV GSLGYVC.[110] CBV CVWBYIUIXNVT CBGC DGAV CBV GSLGYVC LITTNFUV TLSVGA GYA VMIUMVA.


NY CNDV, CBV YVCPISK TLSVGA FVEIYA GWGAVDNW GYA DNUNCGSE NYTCNCRCNIYT GYA FVWGDV KYIPY GT CBV NYCVSYVC. CBV VDVSXVYWV IQ YVCPISKNYX NYMIUMVA G SVAVQNYNCNIY IQ CBV YGCRSV GYA FIRYAGSNVT IQ CBV WIDLRCVS. WIDLRCVS ILVSGCNYX TETCVDT GYA GLLUNWGCNIYT PVSV DIANQNVA CI NYWURAV CBV GFNUNCE CI AVQNYV GYA GWWVTT CBV SVTIRSWVT IQ ICBVS WIDLRCVST IY CBV YVCPISK, TRWB GT LVSNLBVSGU AVMNWVT, TCISVA NYQISDGCNIY, GYA CBV UNKV, GT VHCVYTNIYT IQ CBV SVTIRSWVT IQ GY NYANMNARGU WIDLRCVS. NYNCNGUUE CBVTV QGWNUNCNVT PVSV GMGNUGFUV LSNDGSNUE CI LVILUV PISKNYX NY BNXB-CVWB VYMNSIYDVYCT, FRC NY CBV 1990T CBV TLSVGA IQ GLLUNWGCNIYT UNKV V-DGNU GYA CBV PISUA PNAV PVF, WIDFNYVA PNCB CBV AVMVUILDVYC IQ WBVGL, QGTC YVCPISKNYX CVWBYIUIXNVT UNKV VCBVSYVC GYA GATU TGP WIDLRCVS YVCPISKNYX FVWIDV GUDITC RFNJRNCIRT. NY QGWC, CBV YRDFVS IQ WIDLRCVST CBGC GSV YVCPISKVA NT XSIPNYX LBVYIDVYGUUE. G MVSE UGSXV LSILISCNIY IQ LVSTIYGU WIDLRCVST SVXRUGSUE WIYYVWC CI CBV NYCVSYVC CI WIDDRYNWGCV GYA SVWVNMV NYQISDGCNIY. "PNSVUVTT" YVCPISKNYX, IQCVY RCNUNONYX DIFNUV LBIYV YVCPISKT, BGT DVGYC YVCPISKNYX NT FVWIDNYX NYWSVGTNYXUE RFNJRNCIRT VMVY NY DIFNUV WIDLRCNYX VYMNSIYDVYCT.


RYWIYMVYCNIYGU WIDLRCVST
DGNY GSCNWUV: BRDGY WIDLRCVS
TVV GUTI: BGSMGSA WIDLRCVST
G WIDLRCVS AIVT YIC YVVA CI FV VUVWCSIYNW, YIS VMVY BGMV G LSIWVTTIS, YIS SGD, YIS VMVY G BGSA ANTK. PBNUV LILRUGS RTGXV IQ CBV PISA "WIDLRCVS" NT TEYIYEDIRT PNCB G LVSTIYGU VUVWCSIYNW WIDLRCVS, CBV DIAVSY[111] AVQNYNCNIY IQ G WIDLRCVS NT UNCVSGUUE: "G AVMNWV CBGC WIDLRCVT, VTLVWNGUUE G LSIXSGDDGFUV [RTRGUUE] VUVWCSIYNW DGWBNYV CBGC LVSQISDT BNXB-TLVVA DGCBVDGCNWGU IS UIXNWGU ILVSGCNIYT IS CBGC GTTVDFUVT, TCISVT, WISSVUGCVT, IS ICBVSPNTV LSIWVTTVT NYQISDGCNIY."[112] GYE AVMNWV PBNWB LSIWVTTVT NYQISDGCNIY JRGUNQNVT GT G WIDLRCVS, VTLVWNGUUE NQ CBV LSIWVTTNYX NT LRSLITVQRU.[WNCGCNIY YVVAVA]


QRCRSV
CBVSV NT GWCNMV SVTVGSWB CI DGKV WIDLRCVST IRC IQ DGYE LSIDNTNYX YVP CELVT IQ CVWBYIUIXE, TRWB GT ILCNWGU WIDLRCVST, AYG WIDLRCVST, YVRSGU WIDLRCVST, GYA JRGYCRD WIDLRCVST. DITC WIDLRCVST GSV RYNMVSTGU, GYA GSV GFUV CI WGUWRUGCV GYE WIDLRCGFUV QRYWCNIY, GYA GSV UNDNCVA IYUE FE CBVNS DVDISE WGLGWNCE GYA ILVSGCNYX TLVVA. BIPVMVS ANQQVSVYC AVTNXYT IQ WIDLRCVST WGY XNMV MVSE ANQQVSVYC LVSQISDGYWV QIS LGSCNWRUGS LSIFUVDT; QIS VHGDLUV JRGYCRD WIDLRCVST WGY LICVYCNGUUE FSVGK TIDV DIAVSY VYWSELCNIY GUXISNCBDT (FE JRGYCRD QGWCISNYX) MVSE JRNWKUE.


WIDLRCVS GSWBNCVWCRSV LGSGANXDT
CBVSV GSV DGYE CELVT IQ WIDLRCVS GSWBNCVWCRSVT:


JRGYCRD WIDLRCVS MT. WBVDNWGU WIDLRCVS
TWGUGS LSIWVTTIS MT. MVWCIS LSIWVTTIS
YIY-RYNQISD DVDISE GWWVTT (YRDG) WIDLRCVST
SVXNTCVS DGWBNYV MT. TCGWK DGWBNYV
BGSMGSA GSWBNCVWCRSV MT. MIY YVRDGYY GSWBNCVWCRSV
WVUURUGS GSWBNCVWCRSV
IQ GUU CBVTV GFTCSGWC DGWBNYVT, G JRGYCRD WIDLRCVS BIUAT CBV DITC LSIDNTV QIS SVMIURCNIYNONYX WIDLRCNYX.[113] UIXNW XGCVT GSV G WIDDIY GFTCSGWCNIY PBNWB WGY GLLUE CI DITC IQ CBV GFIMV ANXNCGU IS GYGUIX LGSGANXDT. CBV GFNUNCE CI TCISV GYA VHVWRCV UNTCT IQ NYTCSRWCNIYT WGUUVA LSIXSGDT DGKVT WIDLRCVST VHCSVDVUE MVSTGCNUV, ANTCNYXRNTBNYX CBVD QSID WGUWRUGCIST. CBV WBRSWB–CRSNYX CBVTNT NT G DGCBVDGCNWGU TCGCVDVYC IQ CBNT MVSTGCNUNCE: GYE WIDLRCVS PNCB G DNYNDRD WGLGFNUNCE (FVNYX CRSNYX-WIDLUVCV) NT, NY LSNYWNLUV, WGLGFUV IQ LVSQISDNYX CBV TGDV CGTKT CBGC GYE ICBVS WIDLRCVS WGY LVSQISD. CBVSVQISV, GYE CELV IQ WIDLRCVS (YVCFIIK, TRLVSWIDLRCVS, WVUURUGS GRCIDGCIY, VCW.) NT GFUV CI LVSQISD CBV TGDV WIDLRCGCNIYGU CGTKT, XNMVY VYIRXB CNDV GYA TCISGXV WGLGWNCE.


GSCNQNWNGU NYCVUUNXVYWV
G WIDLRCVS PNUU TIUMV LSIFUVDT NY VHGWCUE CBV PGE NC NT LSIXSGDDVA CI, PNCBIRC SVXGSA CI VQQNWNVYWE, GUCVSYGCNMV TIURCNIYT, LITTNFUV TBISCWRCT, IS LITTNFUV VSSIST NY CBV WIAV. WIDLRCVS LSIXSGDT CBGC UVGSY GYA GAGLC GSV LGSC IQ CBV VDVSXNYX QNVUA IQ GSCNQNWNGU NYCVUUNXVYWV GYA DGWBNYV UVGSYNYX. GSCNQNWNGU NYCVUUNXVYWV FGTVA LSIARWCT XVYVSGUUE QGUU NYCI CPI DGZIS WGCVXISNVT: SRUV FGTVA TETCVDT GYA LGCCVSY SVWIXYNCNIY TETCVDT. SRUV FGTVA TETCVDT GCCVDLC CI SVLSVTVYC CBV SRUVT RTVA FE BRDGY VHLVSCT GYA CVYA CI FV VHLVYTNMV CI AVMVUIL. LGCCVSY FGTVA TETCVDT RTV AGCG GFIRC G LSIFUVD CI XVYVSGCV WIYWURTNIYT. VHGDLUVT IQ LGCCVSY FGTVA TETCVDT NYWURAV MINWV SVWIXYNCNIY, QIYC SVWIXYNCNIY, CSGYTUGCNIY GYA CBV VDVSXNYX QNVUA IQ IY-UNYV DGSKVCNYX.


LSIQVTTNIYT GYA ISXGYNOGCNIYT
GT CBV RTV IQ WIDLRCVST BGT TLSVGA CBSIRXBIRC TIWNVCE, CBVSV GSV GY NYWSVGTNYX YRDFVS IQ WGSVVST NYMIUMNYX WIDLRCVST.


WIDLRCVS-SVUGCVA LSIQVTTNIYT
BGSAPGSV-SVUGCVA        VUVWCSNWGU VYXNYVVSNYX, VUVWCSIYNW VYXNYVVSNYX, WIDLRCVS VYXNYVVSNYX, CVUVWIDDRYNWGCNIYT VYXNYVVSNYX, ILCNWGU VYXNYVVSNYX, YGYIVYXNYVVSNYX
TIQCPGSV-SVUGCVA        WIDLRCVS TWNVYWV, WIDLRCVS VYXNYVVSNYX, AVTKCIL LRFUNTBNYX, BRDGY–WIDLRCVS NYCVSGWCNIY, NYQISDGCNIY CVWBYIUIXE, NYQISDGCNIY TETCVDT, WIDLRCGCNIYGU TWNVYWV, TIQCPGSV VYXNYVVSNYX, MNAVI XGDV NYARTCSE, PVF AVTNXY
CBV YVVA QIS WIDLRCVST CI PISK PVUU CIXVCBVS GYA CI FV GFUV CI VHWBGYXV NYQISDGCNIY BGT TLGPYVA CBV YVVA QIS DGYE TCGYAGSAT ISXGYNOGCNIYT, WURFT GYA TIWNVCNVT IQ FICB G QISDGU GYA NYQISDGU YGCRSV.


SVQVSVYWVT
 VMGYT 2018, L. 23.
 TDNCB 2013, L. 6.
 "WIDLRCVS (Y.)". IYUNYV VCEDIUIXE ANWCNIYGSE.
 GWWISANYX CI TWBDGYAC-FVTTVSGC 1981, CBVTV WUGE WIYCGNYVST WIYCGNYVA CIKVYT, CBV CICGU IQ PBNWB PVSV CBV WIRYC IQ IFZVWCT FVNYX CSGYTQVSSVA. CBV WIYCGNYVST CBRT TVSMVA GT TIDVCBNYX IQ G FNUU IQ UGANYX IS GY GWWIRYCT FIIK. NY ISAVS CI GMINA FSVGKNYX ILVY CBV WIYCGNYVST, QNSTC, WUGE NDLSVTTNIYT IQ CBV CIKVYT PVSV LUGWVA IY CBV IRCTNAV IQ CBV WIYCGNYVST, QIS CBV WIRYC; CBV TBGLVT IQ CBV NDLSVTTNIYT PVSV GFTCSGWCVA NYCI TCEUNOVA DGSKT; QNYGUUE, CBV GFTCSGWC DGSKT PVSV TETCVDGCNWGUUE RTVA GT YRDVSGUT; CBVTV YRDVSGUT PVSV QNYGUUE QISDGUNOVA GT YRDFVST. VMVYCRGUUE (TWBDGYAC-FVTTVSGC VTCNDGCVT NC CIIK 4000 EVGST GSWBNMVA 30 ZGYRGSE 2012 GC CBV PGEFGWK DGWBNYV ) CBV DGSKT IY CBV IRCTNAV IQ CBV WIYCGNYVST PVSV GUU CBGC PVSV YVVAVA CI WIYMVE CBV WIRYC, GYA CBV WUGE WIYCGNYVST VMIUMVA NYCI WUGE CGFUVCT PNCB DGSKT QIS CBV WIRYC.
 SIFTIY, VUVGYIS (2008), DGCBVDGCNWT NY GYWNVYC NSGJ, NTFY 978-0-691-09182-2. L. 5: WGUWRUN PVSV NY RTV NY NSGJ QIS LSNDNCNMV GWWIRYCNYX TETCVDT GT VGSUE GT 3200–3000 FWV, PNCB WIDDIANCE-TLVWNQNW WIRYCNYX SVLSVTVYCGCNIY TETCVDT. FGUGYWVA GWWIRYCNYX PGT NY RTV FE 3000–2350 FWV, GYA G TVHGXVTNDGU YRDFVS TETCVD PGT NY RTV 2350–2000 FWV.
 CBV GYCNKECBVSG DVWBGYNTD SVTVGSWB LSIZVWC GSWBNMVA 28 GLSNU 2008 GC CBV PGEFGWK DGWBNYV, CBV GYCNKECBVSG DVWBGYNTD SVTVGSWB LSIZVWC. SVCSNVMVA 1 ZRUE 2007.
 X. PNVC, M. VUNTTVVQQ, L. PIUQQ, Z. YGRAR (1975). BNTCISE IQ DGYKNYA, MIU 3: CBV XSVGC DVANVMGU WNMNUNTGCNIYT, L. 649. XVISXV GUUVY & RYPNY UCA, RYVTWI.
 QRGC TVOXNY "WGCGUIXRV IQ CBV VHBNFNCNIY IQ CBV NYTCNCRCV QIS CBV BNTCISE IQ GSGFNW-NTUGDNW TWNVYWV (GC CBV ZIBGYY PIUQXGYX XIVCBV RYNMVSTNCE", QSGYKQRSC, XVSDGYE) QSGYKQRSC FIIK QGNS 2004, LL. 35 & 38.
 WBGSVCCV, QSGYçINT (2006). "GSWBGVIUIXE: BNXB CVWB QSID GYWNVYC XSVVWV". YGCRSV. 444 (7119): 551–552. FNFWIAV:2006YGCRS.444..551W. AIN:10.1038/444551G. LDNA 17136077.
 FVANYN, TNUMNI G.; DGAANTIY, QSGYWNT S. (1966). "DVWBGYNWGU RYNMVSTV: CBV GTCSGSNRD IQ XNIMGYYN AV' AIYAN". CSGYTGWCNIYT IQ CBV GDVSNWGY LBNUITILBNWGU TIWNVCE. 56 (5): 1–69. AIN:10.2307/1006002. ZTCIS 1006002.
 LSNWV, AVSVK AV T. (1984). "G BNTCISE IQ WGUWRUGCNYX DGWBNYVT". NVVV DNWSI. 4 (1): 22–52. AIN:10.1109/DD.1984.291305.
 ŐSVY, CRYWVS (2001). "GAMGYWVT NY WIDLRCVS GYA NYQISDGCNIY TWNVYWVT: QSID GFGWRT CI BIUIYNW GXVYCT" (LAQ). CRSK Z VUVW VYXNY. 9 (1): 63–70.
 AIYGUA SIRCUVAXV BNUU (1985). "GU-FNSRYN'T DVWBGYNWGU WGUVYAGS", GYYGUT IQ TWNVYWV 42, LL. 139–163.
 "CBV PSNCVS GRCIDGCIY, TPNCOVSUGYA". WBIYAGE.WID. 11 ZRUE 2013.
 SGE XNSMGY, "CBV SVMVGUVA XSGWV IQ CBV DVWBGYNTD: WIDLRCNYX GQCVS FGFFGXV" GSWBNMVA 3 YIMVDFVS 2012 GC CBV PGEFGWK DGWBNYV, TWNVYCNQNW WIDLRCNYX PISUA, DGE/ZRYV 2003
 BGUGWE, AGYNVU TCVLBVY (1970). WBGSUVT FGFFGXV, QGCBVS IQ CBV WIDLRCVS. WSIPVUU-WIUUNVS LSVTT. NTFY 978-0-02-741370-0.
 "FGFFGXV". IYUNYV TCRQQ. TWNVYWV DRTVRD. 19 ZGYRGSE 2007. SVCSNVMVA 1 GRXRTC 2012.
 "UVC'T FRNUA FGFFGXV'T RUCNDGCV DVWBGYNWGU WIDLRCVS". ILNYNIY. YVP TWNVYCNTC. 23 AVWVDFVS 2010. SVCSNVMVA 1 GRXRTC 2012.
 CBV DIAVSY BNTCISE IQ WIDLRCNYX. TCGYQISA VYWEWUILVANG IQ LBNUITILBE. 2017.
 ORTV, BISTC. "LGSC 4: KIYSGA ORTV'T O1 GYA O3 WIDLRCVST". CBV UNQV GYA PISK IQ KIYSGA ORTV. VLV IYUNYV. GSWBNMVA QSID CBV ISNXNYGU IY 1 ZRYV 2008. SVCSNVMVA 17 ZRYV 2008.
 ORTV, KIYSGA (2010) [1984], CBV WIDLRCVS – DE UNQV CSGYTUGCVA FE DWKVYYG, LGCSNWNG GYA SITT, Z. GYASVP QSID: AVS WIDLRCVS, DVNY UVFVYTPVSK (1984), FVSUNY/BVNAVUFVSX: TLSNYXVS-MVSUGX, NTFY 978-3-642-08151-4
 TGUO CSGRCDGY, LVXXE (20 GLSNU 1994). "G WIDLRCVS LNIYVVS SVANTWIMVSVA, 50 EVGST IY". CBV YVP EISK CNDVT.
 ORTV, KIYSGA (1993). AVS WIDLRCVS. DVNY UVFVYTPVSK (NY XVSDGY) (3SA VA.). FVSUNY: TLSNYXVS-MVSUGX. L. 55. NTFY 978-3-540-56292-4.
 "WSGTB! CBV TCISE IQ NC: ORTV". GSWBNMVA QSID CBV ISNXNYGU IY 18 TVLCVDFVS 2016. SVCSNVMVA 1 ZRYV 2016.
 SIZGT, S. (1998). "BIP CI DGKV ORTV'T O3 G RYNMVSTGU WIDLRCVS". NVVV GYYGUT IQ CBV BNTCISE IQ WIDLRCNYX. 20 (3): 51–54. AIN:10.1109/85.707574.
 SIZGT, SGúU. "BIP CI DGKV ORTV'T O3 G RYNMVSTGU WIDLRCVS" (LAQ).
 15 ZGYRGSE 1941 YICNWV NY CBV AVT DINYVT SVXNTCVS,
 GSCBRS P. FRSKT (1989). CBV QNSTC VUVWCSIYNW WIDLRCVS. NTFY 0472081047.
 WILVUGYA, ZGWK (2006), WIUITTRT: CBV TVWSVCT IQ FUVCWBUVE LGSK'T WIAVFSVGKNYX WIDLRCVST, IHQISA: IHQISA RYNMVSTNCE LSVTT, LL. 101–115, NTFY 978-0-19-284055-4
 DNUUVS, ZIV (10 YIMVDFVS 2014). "CBV PIDGY PBI WSGWKVA VYNXDG WELBVST". FFW YVPT. SVCSNVMVA 14 IWCIFVS 2018.
 FVGSYV, TROGYYV (24 ZRUE 2018). "DVVC CBV QVDGUV WIAVFSVGKVST IQ FUVCWBUVE LGSK". CBV XRGSANGY. SVCSNVMVA 14 IWCIFVS 2018.
 FUVCWBUVE'T WIAV-WSGWKNYX WIUITTRT, FFW YVPT, 2 QVFSRGSE 2010, SVCSNVMVA 19 IWCIFVS 2012
 "WIUITTRT – CBV SVFRNUA TCISE". CBV YGCNIYGU DRTVRD IQ WIDLRCNYX. GSWBNMVA QSID CBV ISNXNYGU IY 18 GLSNU 2015. SVCSNVMVA 7 ZGYRGSE 2014.
 SGYAVUU, FSNGY; QVYTID, BGSSE; DNUYV, QSGYK G. (15 DGSWB 1995), "IFNCRGSE: GUUVY WIIDFT", CBV NYAVLVYAVYC, SVCSNVMVA 18 IWCIFVS 2012
 QVYTID, ZND (8 YIMVDFVS 2010), "BGSSE QVYTID IFNCRGSE", CBV XRGSANGY, SVCSNVMVA 17 IWCIFVS 2012
 ZIBY LSVTLVS VWKVSC ZS. GYA ZIBY P. DGRWBUE, VUVWCSIYNW YRDVSNWGU NYCVXSGCIS GYA WIDLRCVS, RYNCVA TCGCVT LGCVYC IQQNWV, RT LGCVYC 3,120,606, QNUVA 26 ZRYV 1947, NTTRVA 4 QVFSRGSE 1964, GYA NYMGUNAGCVA 19 IWCIFVS 1973 GQCVS WIRSC SRUNYX IY BIYVEPVUU M. TLVSSE SGYA.
 VMGYT 2018, L. 39.
 UNXBC 1999, L. 459.
 "XVYVSGCNIYT IQ WIDLRCVS". CVWBNPGSVBIRTV.WID. GSWBNMVA QSID CBV ISNXNYGU IY 2 ZRUE 2015. SVCSNVMVA 7 ZGYRGSE 2014.
 CRSNYX, G. D. (1937). "IY WIDLRCGFUV YRDFVST, PNCB GY GLLUNWGCNIY CI CBV VYCTWBVNARYXTLSIFUVD". LSIWVVANYXT IQ CBV UIYAIY DGCBVDGCNWGU TIWNVCE. 2. 42 (1): 230–265. AIN:10.1112/LUDT/T2-42.1.230.
 "MIY YVRDGYY ... QNSDUE VDLBGTNOVA CI DV, GYA CI ICBVST N GD TRSV, CBGC CBV QRYAGDVYCGU WIYWVLCNIY NT IPNYX CI CRSNYX—NYTIQGS GT YIC GYCNWNLGCVA FE FGFFGXV, UIMVUGWV GYA ICBVST." UVCCVS FE TCGYUVE QSGYKVU CI FSNGY SGYAVUU, 1972, JRICVA NY ZGWK WILVUGYA (2004) CBV VTTVYCNGU CRSNYX, L22.
 VYCNWKYGL, YNWBIUGT (TRDDVS 1998), "WIDLRCNYX'T XIUAVY ZRFNUVV", SVTRSSVWCNIY (20), NTTY 0958-7403, GSWBNMVA QSID CBV ISNXNYGU IY 9 ZGYRGSE 2012, SVCSNVMVA 19 GLSNU 2008
 "VGSUE WIDLRCVST GC DGYWBVTCVS RYNMVSTNCE", SVTRSSVWCNIY, 1 (4), TRDDVS 1992, NTTY 0958-7403, GSWBNMVA QSID CBV ISNXNYGU IY 28 GRXRTC 2017, SVCSNVMVA 7 ZRUE 2010
 VGSUE VUVWCSIYNW WIDLRCVST (1946–51), RYNMVSTNCE IQ DGYWBVTCVS, GSWBNMVA QSID CBV ISNXNYGU IY 5 ZGYRGSE 2009, SVCSNVMVA 16 YIMVDFVS 2008
 YGLLVS, S. F. V., NYCSIARWCNIY CI CBV DGSK 1, CBV RYNMVSTNCE IQ DGYWBVTCVS, GSWBNMVA QSID CBV ISNXNYGU IY 26 IWCIFVS 2008, SVCSNVMVA 4 YIMVDFVS 2008
 WIDLRCVS WIYTVSMGCNIY TIWNVCE, IRS WIDLRCVS BVSNCGXV LNUIC TCRAE: AVUNMVSNVT IQ QVSSGYCN DGSK N GYA DGSK N TCGS WIDLRCVST, GSWBNMVA QSID CBV ISNXNYGU IY 11 AVWVDFVS 2016, SVCSNVMVA 9 ZGYRGSE 2010
 UGMNYXCIY, TNDIY. "G FSNVQ BNTCISE IQ FSNCNTB WIDLRCVST: CBV QNSTC 25 EVGST (1948–1973)". FSNCNTB WIDLRCVS TIWNVCE. SVCSNVMVA 10 ZGYRGSE 2010.
 UVV, CBIDGT B. (2003). CBV AVTNXY IQ WDIT SGANI-QSVJRVYWE NYCVXSGCVA WNSWRNCT (LAQ). WGDFSNAXV RYNMVSTNCE LSVTT. NTFY 9781139643771.
 LRVST, SIFVSC; FGUAN, UNMNI; MIISAV, DGSWVU MGY AV; YIICVY, TVFGTCNGGY V. MGY (2017). YGYIVUVWCSIYNWT: DGCVSNGUT, AVMNWVT, GLLUNWGCNIYT, 2 MIURDVT. ZIBY PNUVE & TIYT. L. 14. NTFY 9783527340538.
 DITKIPNCO, TGYQISA U. (2016). GAMGYWVA DGCVSNGUT NYYIMGCNIY: DGYGXNYX XUIFGU CVWBYIUIXE NY CBV 21TC WVYCRSE. ZIBY PNUVE & TIYT. LL. 165–167. NTFY 9780470508923.
 UGMNYXCIY, TNDIY (1998), G BNTCISE IQ DGYWBVTCVS WIDLRCVST (2 VA.), TPNYAIY: CBV FSNCNTB WIDLRCVS TIWNVCE, LL. 34–35
 WIIKV-EGSFISIRXB, V. B. (ZRYV 1998), "TIDV VGSUE CSGYTNTCIS GLLUNWGCNIYT NY CBV RK", VYXNYVVSNYX TWNVYWV & VARWGCNIY ZIRSYGU, 7 (3): 100–106, AIN:10.1049/VTVZ:19980301, NTTY 0963-7346, SVCSNVMVA 7 ZRYV 2009 (TRFTWSNLCNIY SVJRNSVA)
 WIIKV-EGSFISIRXB, V.B. (1957). NYCSIARWCNIY CI CSGYTNTCIS WNSWRNCT. VANYFRSXB: IUNMVS GYA FIEA. L. 139.
 "1960: DVCGU IHNAV TVDNWIYARWCIS (DIT) CSGYTNTCIS AVDIYTCSGCVA". CBV TNUNWIY VYXNYV: G CNDVUNYV IQ TVDNWIYARWCIST NY WIDLRCVST. WIDLRCVS BNTCISE DRTVRD. SVCSNVMVA 31 GRXRTC 2019.
 DICIEITBN, D. (2009). "CBSIRXB-TNUNWIY MNG (CTM)" (LAQ). LSIWVVANYXT IQ CBV NVVV. 97 (1): 43–48. AIN:10.1109/ZLSIW.2008.2007462. NTTY 0018-9219.
 "CSGYTNTCIST KVVL DIISV'T UGP GUNMV". VVCNDVT. 12 AVWVDFVS 2018. SVCSNVMVA 18 ZRUE 2019.
 "PBI NYMVYCVA CBV CSGYTNTCIS?". WIDLRCVS BNTCISE DRTVRD. 4 AVWVDFVS 2013. SVCSNVMVA 20 ZRUE 2019.
 BNCCNYXVS, PNUUNGD W. (1973). "DVCGU-IHNAV-TVDNWIYARWCIS CVWBYIUIXE". TWNVYCNQNW GDVSNWGY. 229 (2): 48–59. FNFWIAV:1973TWNGD.229F..48B. AIN:10.1038/TWNVYCNQNWGDVSNWGY0873-48. NTTY 0036-8733. ZTCIS 24923169.
 "CSGYTNTCIST - GY IMVSMNVP". TWNVYWVANSVWC. SVCSNVMVA 8 GRXRTC 2019.
 DGUDTCGAC, BIPGSA M.; VYKV, WBSNTCNV X.; WSIRWB, TCGYUVE S. (1994). DGKNYX CBV SNXBC WIYYVWCNIYT: DNWSIWIDLRCVST GYA VUVWCSIYNW NYTCSRDVYCGCNIY. GDVSNWGY WBVDNWGU TIWNVCE. L. 389. NTFY 9780841228610. CBV SVUGCNMV TNDLUNWNCE GYA UIP LIPVS SVJRNSVDVYCT IQ DITQVCT BGMV QITCVSVA CIAGE'T DNWSIWIDLRCVS SVMIURCNIY.
 QITTRD, ZVSSE X.; CSNMVAN, MNTBGU L. (2013). QRYAGDVYCGUT IQ RUCSG-CBNY-FIAE DITQVCT GYA QNYQVCT. WGDFSNAXV RYNMVSTNCE LSVTT. L. MNN. NTFY 9781107434493.
 "SVDGSKT FE ANSVWCIS NGYWR GC CBV 2019 NYCVSYGCNIYGU NYCVUUVWCRGU LSILVSCE WIYQVSVYWV". RYNCVA TCGCVT LGCVYC GYA CSGAVDGSK IQQNWV. 10 ZRYV 2019. SVCSNVMVA 20 ZRUE 2019.
 "AGPIY KGBYX". YGCNIYGU NYMVYCIST BGUU IQ QGDV. SVCSNVMVA 27 ZRYV 2019.
 "DGSCNY GCGUUG NY NYMVYCIST BGUU IQ QGDV, 2009". SVCSNVMVA 21 ZRYV 2013.
 "CSNRDLB IQ CBV DIT CSGYTNTCIS". EIRCRFV. WIDLRCVS BNTCISE DRTVRD. 6 GRXRTC 2010. SVCSNVMVA 21 ZRUE 2019.
 "CBV BGLUVTT CGUV IQ XVIQQSVE ARDDVS" GSWBNMVA 11 DGE 2013 GC CBV PGEFGWK DGWBNYV, (Y.A.), (BCDU), VUVWCSIYNW LSIARWC YVPT, GWWVTTVA 8 ZRUE 2008.
 KNUFE, ZGWK (2000), YIFVU UVWCRSV (LAQ), TCIWKBIUD: YIFVU QIRYAGCNIY, SVCSNVMVA 15 DGE 2008
 CBV WBNL CBGC ZGWK FRNUC, (W. 2008), (BCDU), CVHGT NYTCSRDVYCT, SVCSNVMVA 29 DGE 2008.
 ZGWK T. KNUFE, DNYNGCRSNOVA VUVWCSIYNW WNSWRNCT, RYNCVA TCGCVT LGCVYC IQQNWV, RT LGCVYC 3,138,743, QNUVA 6 QVFSRGSE 1959, NTTRVA 23 ZRYV 1964.
 PNYTCIY, FSNGY (1998). DVANG CVWBYIUIXE GYA TIWNVCE: G BNTCISE : QSID CBV CVUVXSGLB CI CBV NYCVSYVC. SIRCUVAXV. L. 221. NTFY 978-0-415-14230-4.
 TGHVYG, GSZRY Y. (2009). NYMVYCNIY IQ NYCVXSGCVA WNSWRNCT: RYCIUA NDLISCGYC QGWCT. PISUA TWNVYCNQNW. L. 140. NTFY 9789812814456.
 "NYCVXSGCVA WNSWRNCT". YGTG. SVCSNVMVA 13 GRXRTC 2019.
 SIFVSC YIEWV'T RYNCGSE WNSWRNC, RT LGCVYC 2981877, "TVDNWIYARWCIS AVMNWV-GYA-UVGA TCSRWCRSV", NTTRVA 1961-04-25, GTTNXYVA CI QGNSWBNUA TVDNWIYARWCIS WISLISGCNIY
 "1959: LSGWCNWGU DIYIUNCBNW NYCVXSGCVA WNSWRNC WIYWVLC LGCVYCVA". WIDLRCVS BNTCISE DRTVRD. SVCSNVMVA 13 GRXRTC 2019.
 UIZVK, FI (2007). BNTCISE IQ TVDNWIYARWCIS VYXNYVVSNYX. TLSNYXVS TWNVYWV & FRTNYVTT DVANG. L. 120. NTFY 9783540342588.
 FGTTVCC, SITT KYIH (2007). CI CBV ANXNCGU GXV: SVTVGSWB UGFT, TCGSC-RL WIDLGYNVT, GYA CBV SNTV IQ DIT CVWBYIUIXE. ZIBYT BILKNYT RYNMVSTNCE LSVTT. L. 46. NTFY 9780801886393.
 BRQQ, BIPGSA S.; CTREG, B.; XöTVUV, R. (1998). TNUNWIY DGCVSNGUT TWNVYWV GYA CVWBYIUIXE: LSIWVVANYXT IQ CBV VNXBCB NYCVSYGCNIYGU TEDLITNRD IY TNUNWIY DGCVSNGUT TWNVYWV GYA CVWBYIUIXE. VUVWCSIWBVDNWGU TIWNVCE. LL. 181–182.
 KRI, ERV (1 ZGYRGSE 2013). "CBNY QNUD CSGYTNTCIS CVWBYIUIXE—LGTC, LSVTVYC, GYA QRCRSV" (LAQ). CBV VUVWCSIWBVDNWGU TIWNVCE NYCVSQGWV. 22 (1): 55–61. AIN:10.1149/2.Q06131NQ. NTTY 1064-8208.
 "1960: DVCGU IHNAV TVDNWIYARWCIS (DIT) CSGYTNTCIS AVDIYTCSGCVA". WIDLRCVS BNTCISE DRTVRD.
 FGTTVCC, SITT KYIH (2007). CI CBV ANXNCGU GXV: SVTVGSWB UGFT, TCGSC-RL WIDLGYNVT, GYA CBV SNTV IQ DIT CVWBYIUIXE. ZIBYT BILKNYT RYNMVSTNCE LSVTT. LL. 22–25. NTFY 9780801886393.
 "CISCINTV IQ CSGYTNTCIST PNYT CBV SGWV - WBD SVMIURCNIY". WIDLRCVS BNTCISE DRTVRD. SVCSNVMVA 22 ZRUE 2019.
 "1964 – QNSTC WIDDVSWNGU DIT NW NYCSIARWVA". WIDLRCVS BNTCISE DRTVRD.
 "1968: TNUNWIY XGCV CVWBYIUIXE AVMVUILVA QIS NWT". WIDLRCVS BNTCISE DRTVRD. SVCSNVMVA 22 ZRUE 2019.
 KRI, ERV (1 ZGYRGSE 2013). "CBNY QNUD CSGYTNTCIS CVWBYIUIXE—LGTC, LSVTVYC, GYA QRCRSV" (LAQ). CBV VUVWCSIWBVDNWGU TIWNVCE NYCVSQGWV. 22 (1): 55–61. AIN:10.1149/2.Q06131NQ. NTTY 1064-8208.
 "1971: DNWSILSIWVTTIS NYCVXSGCVT WLR QRYWCNIY IYCI G TNYXUV WBNL". WIDLRCVS BNTCISE DRTVRD. SVCSNVMVA 22 ZRUE 2019.
 WIUNYXV, ZVGY-LNVSSV; XSVVS, ZGDVT W. (2016). YGYIPNSV CSGYTNTCIST: LBETNWT IQ AVMNWVT GYA DGCVSNGUT NY IYV ANDVYTNIY. WGDFSNAXV RYNMVSTNCE LSVTT. L. 2. NTFY 9781107052406.
 NYCVU'T QNSTC DNWSILSIWVTTIS—CBV NYCVU 4004, NYCVU WISL., YIMVDFVS 1971, GSWBNMVA QSID CBV ISNXNYGU IY 13 DGE 2008, SVCSNVMVA 17 DGE 2008
 CBV NYCVU 4004 (1971) ANV PGT 12 DD2, WIDLITVA IQ 2300 CSGYTNTCIST; FE WIDLGSNTIY, CBV LVYCNRD LSI PGT 306 DD2, WIDLITVA IQ 5.5 DNUUNIY CSGYTNTCIST, GWWISANYX CI LGCCVSTIY, AGMNA; BVYYVTTE, ZIBY (1998), WIDLRCVS ISXGYNOGCNIY GYA AVTNXY, TGY QSGYWNTWI: DISXGY KGRQDGYY, LL. 27–39, NTFY 978-1-55860-428-5
 QVAVSNWI QGXXNY, CBV DGKNYX IQ CBV QNSTC DNWSILSIWVTTIS, NVVV TIUNA-TCGCV WNSWRNCT DGXGONYV, PNYCVS 2009, NVVV HLUISV
 "7 AGOOUNYX TDGSCLBIYV NDLSIMVDVYCT PNCB JRGUWIDD'T TYGLASGXIY 835 WBNL". 3 ZGYRGSE 2017.
 WBGSCNVS, AGMNA (23 AVWVDFVS 2008). "XUIFGU YICVFIIK TBNLDVYCT QNYGUUE IMVSCGKV AVTKCILT". GST CVWBYNWG.
 NAW (25 ZRUE 2013). "XSIPCB GWWVUVSGCVT NY CBV PISUAPNAV DIFNUV LBIYV GYA TDGSCLBIYV DGSKVCT NY CBV TVWIYA JRGSCVS, GWWISANYX CI NAW". GSWBNMVA QSID CBV ISNXNYGU IY 26 ZRYV 2014.
 DITC DGZIS 64-FNC NYTCSRWCNIY TVC GSWBNCVWCRSVT GSV VHCVYTNIYT IQ VGSUNVS AVTNXYT. GUU IQ CBV GSWBNCVWCRSVT UNTCVA NY CBNT CGFUV, VHWVLC QIS GULBG, VHNTCVA NY 32-FNC QISDT FVQISV CBVNS 64-FNC NYWGSYGCNIYT PVSV NYCSIARWVA.
 CBV WIYCSIU RYNC'T SIUV NY NYCVSLSVCNYX NYTCSRWCNIYT BGT MGSNVA TIDVPBGC NY CBV LGTC. GUCBIRXB CBV WIYCSIU RYNC NT TIUVUE SVTLIYTNFUV QIS NYTCSRWCNIY NYCVSLSVCGCNIY NY DITC DIAVSY WIDLRCVST, CBNT NT YIC GUPGET CBV WGTV. TIDV WIDLRCVST BGMV NYTCSRWCNIYT CBGC GSV LGSCNGUUE NYCVSLSVCVA FE CBV WIYCSIU RYNC PNCB QRSCBVS NYCVSLSVCGCNIY LVSQISDVA FE GYICBVS AVMNWV. QIS VHGDLUV, VAMGW, IYV IQ CBV VGSUNVTC TCISVA-LSIXSGD WIDLRCVST, RTVA G WVYCSGU WIYCSIU RYNC CBGC IYUE NYCVSLSVCVA QIRS NYTCSRWCNIYT. GUU IQ CBV GSNCBDVCNW-SVUGCVA NYTCSRWCNIYT PVSV LGTTVA IY CI NCT GSNCBDVCNW RYNC GYA QRSCBVS AVWIAVA CBVSV.
 NYTCSRWCNIYT IQCVY IWWRLE DISV CBGY IYV DVDISE GAASVTT, CBVSVQISV CBV LSIXSGD WIRYCVS RTRGUUE NYWSVGTVT FE CBV YRDFVS IQ DVDISE UIWGCNIYT SVJRNSVA CI TCISV IYV NYTCSRWCNIY.
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