-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 0
Expand file tree
/
Copy pathassessment_report.txt
More file actions
208 lines (165 loc) · 18.4 KB
/
Copy pathassessment_report.txt
File metadata and controls
208 lines (165 loc) · 18.4 KB
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
========================================================================
EMBEDDED SYSTEM CYBERSECURITY RISK ASSESSMENT TOOL
CVSS v3.1 | NIS2-Aligned | ARM Cortex-M4 IoT Gateway
Author: Mainuddin Monsur Robin | HAW Hamburg
========================================================================
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
System : ARM Cortex-M4 IoT Gateway — FreeRTOS 10.4
Assessment : CVSS v3.1 Base Score | NIS2 Article 21
┌─────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Risk distribution │
│ │
│ Critical : 2 │
│ High : 3 │
│ Medium : 1 │
│ │
│ Avg CVSS score : 7.9 / 10.0 │
│ NIS2-relevant : 3 risks │
└─────────────────────────────────────┘
Highest priority risk:
[R-001] Remote Code Execution via Ethernet
Score: 9.6 | Critical
→ Apply bounds checking on all network buffers. Enable MPU region protection. Update to a patched TCP/IP stack (LwIP >= 2.2.0).
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
RISK REGISTER — CVSS v3.1 BASE SCORES
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
╭───────┬──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┬────────────────────────────┬────────────┬──────────────╮
│ ID │ Threat │ Score │ Severity │ Regulatory │
├───────┼──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────┼────────────┼──────────────┤
│ R-001 │ Remote Code Execution via Ethernet │ [███████████████████░] 9.6 │ Critical │ 🔴 NIS2 │
│ R-003 │ Hardcoded Credentials in Firmware │ [██████████████████░░] 9.2 │ Critical │ 🔴 NIS2 │
│ R-002 │ JTAG Firmware Tampering │ [███████████████░░░░░] 7.6 │ High │ 🔴 NIS2 │
│ R-005 │ Privilege Escalation via FreeRTOS Task Isolation Failure │ [██████████████░░░░░░] 7.4 │ High │ │
│ R-004 │ Man-in-the-Middle Attack on OTA Firmware Update │ [██████████████░░░░░░] 7.1 │ High │ │
│ R-006 │ Unauthorised Access via Unprotected UART Console │ [████████████░░░░░░░░] 6.4 │ Medium │ │
╰───────┴──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┴────────────────────────────┴────────────┴──────────────╯
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
DETAILED RISK ANALYSIS
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
▶ [R-001] Remote Code Execution via Ethernet — Critical (9.6)
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Component : TCP/IP Stack / Network Driver
Description: Attacker sends malformed TCP packets to trigger a buffer overflow in the unvalidated network driver, gaining arbitrary code execution on the Cortex-M4 core from an adjacent network position.
NIS2 relevant — requires regulatory attention
ID Control Type Status Owner NIS2
----- ------------------------ ---------- --------------- ----------------- -------------
C-001 Network Input Validation Preventive Partial Firmware Team Art. 21(2)(g)
C-002 MPU Region Isolation Preventive Not Implemented Embedded Security Art. 21(2)(a)
Remediation: Apply bounds checking on all network buffers. Enable MPU region protection. Update to a patched TCP/IP stack (LwIP >= 2.2.0).
········································································
▶ [R-003] Hardcoded Credentials in Firmware — Critical (9.2)
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Component : Firmware
Description: During development, a programmer hardcoded an API keyand default admin password directly into the firmware binary to make testing easierand never removed them before production. When an attacker extracts the firmware (via JTAG, or by downloading an OTA update image), they run strings firmware.bin and find the credentials in plaintext within seconds.
NIS2 relevant — requires regulatory attention
ID Control Type Status Owner NIS2
----- ------------------------------- ---------- --------------- ----------------- -------------
C-006 Secure key storage Preventive Not Implemented Embedded Security Art. 21(2)(h)
C-007 Firmware static analysis (SAST) Detective Not Implemented DevOps Team Art. 21(2)(g)
C-008 Credential Rotation Policy Corrective Not Implemented Security Team Art. 21(2)(i)
Remediation: Remove hardcoded credentials from firmware. Implement a secure key storage solution, such as a hardware-backed keystore. Integrate static analysis tools into the CI/CD pipeline to detect hardcoded secrets. Establish a credential rotation policy to limit the impact of potential key compromise.
········································································
▶ [R-002] JTAG Firmware Tampering — High (7.6)
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Component : JTAG Interface
Description: Unauthorised physical access to JTAG port allows firmware dumping and tampering, potentially leading to persistent backdoors or extraction of sensitive data.
NIS2 relevant — requires regulatory attention
ID Control Type Status Owner NIS2
----- ---------------------------- ---------- --------------- ----------------- -------------
C-003 JTAG disabled in production Preventive Not Implemented Hardware Team Art. 21(2)(h)
C-004 Secure Boot/Firmware Signing Preventive Not Implemented Embedded Security Art. 21(2)(h)
C-005 Tamper Detection Detective Partial Hardware Team Art. 21(2)(a)
Remediation: Implement JTAG authentication and disable in production builds. Introduce secure boot with firmware signing. Add active tamper detection mechanisms.
········································································
▶ [R-005] Privilege Escalation via FreeRTOS Task Isolation Failure — High (7.4)
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Component : FreeRTOS Task Scheduler / MPU
Description: Low-privilege FreeRTOS tasks can read and write memory regions of high-privilege tasks due to missing MPU configuration. A compromised low-privilege task (e.g. a sensor driver) can overwrite the stack of the main security task and escalate to full system control.
ID Control Type Status Owner NIS2
----- ---------------------------- ---------- --------------- ----------------- -------------
C-012 FreeRTOS MPU Task Isolation Preventive Not Implemented Firmware Team Art. 21(2)(a)
C-013 Runtime Integrity Monitoring Detective Not Implemented Embedded Security Art. 21(2)(g)
Remediation: Configure FreeRTOS MPU regions per task with least-privilege memory access. Separate security-critical tasks into privileged mode only. Implement a runtime integrity monitor using the hardware watchdog timer.
········································································
▶ [R-004] Man-in-the-Middle Attack on OTA Firmware Update — High (7.1)
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Component : OTA Update Mechanism / UART Bootloader
Description: Firmware updates are delivered without cryptographic signature verification. An attacker positioned between the update server and the device intercepts the update channel and delivers a malicious firmware image. The device installs it without question, achieving persistent code execution.
ID Control Type Status Owner NIS2
----- -------------------------------------- ---------- --------------- ----------------- -------------
C-010 Firmware Update Signature Verification Preventive Not Implemented Embedded Security Art. 21(2)(h)
C-011 Encrypted OTA Channel (TLS) Preventive Partial Firmware Team Art. 21(2)(j)
Remediation: Implement ECDSA signature verification on all firmware updates. Use TLS 1.3 for the full update channel. Add anti-rollback counters in OTP fuses to prevent downgrade attacks.
········································································
▶ [R-006] Unauthorised Access via Unprotected UART Console — Medium (6.4)
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Component : UART Debug Console
Description: The UART debug console is accessible without authentication and exposes a root shell. An attacker with physical access can dump memory, modify runtime configuration, and disable security features — all without any credentials.
ID Control Type Status Owner NIS2
----- ----------------------------------- ---------- --------------- ------------- -------------
C-014 UART Console Disabled in Production Preventive Not Implemented Firmware Team Art. 21(2)(i)
C-015 Physical Access Control Preventive Implemented Facilities Art. 21(2)(a)
Remediation: Disable UART console in production builds using a compile-time flag. If console access is required for maintenance, implement HMAC-based challenge-response authentication before granting shell access.
········································································
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
CONTROL EFFECTIVENESS SUMMARY
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Total controls : 14
Implemented : 1
Partial : 3
Not implemented : 10
Coverage : 7.1%
▶ Controls by Type
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Type Total Implemented Partial Not Implemented
---------- ------- ------------- --------- -----------------
Preventive 10 1 2 7
Detective 3 0 1 2
Corrective 1 0 0 1
▶ Unresolved Controls by Owner
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Owner Unresolved
----------------- ------------
Embedded Security 5
Firmware Team 4
Hardware Team 2
DevOps Team 1
Security Team 1
▶ Risk Exposure Ranking
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
ID Threat CVSS Exposure
----- -------------------------------------------------------- ------ ----------
R-001 Remote Code Execution via Ethernet 9.6 9.6
R-003 Hardcoded Credentials in Firmware 9.2 9.2
R-002 JTAG Firmware Tampering 7.6 7.6
R-005 Privilege Escalation via FreeRTOS Task Isolation Failure 7.4 7.4
R-004 Man-in-the-Middle Attack on OTA Firmware Update 7.1 7.1
R-006 Unauthorised Access via Unprotected UART Console 6.4 3.2
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
NIS2 ARTICLE 21 GAP ANALYSIS
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Directive: NIS2 (EU) 2022/2555 — Network and Information Security
╭───────────────┬─────────────────────────────────────────────────┬─────────────╮
│ Article │ Requirement │ Status │
├───────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────────────────┼─────────────┤
│ Art. 21(2)(b) │ Incident handling and response procedures │ ❌ Gap │
│ Art. 21(2)(c) │ Business continuity and crisis management │ ❌ Gap │
│ Art. 21(2)(e) │ Supply chain security │ ❌ Gap │
│ Art. 21(2)(h) │ Cryptography and encryption │ ⚠️ Partial │
│ Art. 21(2)(g) │ Vulnerability handling and disclosure │ ⚠️ Partial │
│ Art. 21(2)(i) │ Human resources security and access control │ ⚠️ Partial │
│ Art. 21(2)(j) │ MFA and secure communications │ ⚠️ Partial │
│ Art. 21(2)(a) │ Risk analysis and information security policies │ ✅ Covered │
╰───────────────┴─────────────────────────────────────────────────┴─────────────╯
✅ Covered : 1
⚠️ Partial : 4
❌ Gap : 3
Compliance coverage: 12% (1/8 articles)
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ASSESSMENT COMPLETE
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
✅ 6 risks assessed.
⚠️ Review all Not Implemented controls before deployment.
🔴 NIS2-relevant risks require immediate regulatory attention.